{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:23:39Z","timestamp":1792790619519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome triggered by infectious and noninfectious pathologies characterized by excessive generation of thrombin within the vasculature and widespread proteolytic conversion of fibrinogen. Despite diverse clinical manifestations ranging from thrombo-occlusive damage to bleeding diathesis, DIC etiology commonly involves excessive activation of blood coagulation and overlapping dysregulation of anticoagulants and fibrinolysis. Initiation of blood coagulation follows intravascular expression of tissue factor or activation of the contact pathway in response to pathogen-associated or host-derived, damage-associated molecular patterns. The process is further amplified through inflammatory and immunothrombotic mechanisms. Consumption of anticoagulants and disruption of endothelial homeostasis lower the regulatory control and disseminate microvascular thrombosis. Clinical DIC development in patients is associated with worsening morbidities and increased mortality, regardless of the underlying pathology; therefore, timely recognition of DIC is critical for reducing the pathologic burden. Due to the diversity of triggers and pathogenic mechanisms leading to DIC, diagnosis is based on algorithms that quantify hemostatic imbalance, thrombocytopenia, and fibrinogen conversion. Because current diagnosis primarily assesses overt consumptive coagulopathies, there is a critical need for better recognition of nonovert DIC and\/or pre-DIC states. Therapeutic strategies for patients with DIC involve resolution of the eliciting triggers and supportive care for the hemostatic imbalance. Despite medical care, mortality in patients with DIC remains high, and new strategies, tailored to the underlying pathologic mechanisms, are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T15:08:13Z","timestamp":1629817693000},"page":"1973-1986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Disseminated intravascular coagulation and its immune mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4809-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narcis I.","family":"Popescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8619-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1249-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florea","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK; and"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology,"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, and"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616068","article-title":"Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"86","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16037","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.37","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"2","author":"Gando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2016.09.002","article-title":"Management of Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy with Thrombelastography","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151202","article-title":"Assessment of Haemostasis in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation by Use of Point-of-Care Assays and Routine Coagulation Tests, in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"11","author":"Kander","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-0492-2-15","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) according to four DIC guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Wada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intensive Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000181296.53204.DE","article-title":"Prognostic value of a simple evolving disseminated intravascular coagulation score in patients with severe sepsis","volume":"33","author":"Kinasewitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21783","article-title":"Modified non-overt DIC diagnostic criteria predict the early phase of overt-DIC","volume":"85","author":"Wada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hematol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309846","article-title":"Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis","volume":"38","author":"Grover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2022050218125898500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-386185","article-title":"Inhibition of factor XI activation attenuates inflammation and coagulopathy while improving the survival of mouse polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"119","author":"Tucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018029983","article-title":"Inhibition of contact-mediated activation of factor XI protects baboons against S aureus-induced organ damage and death [published correction appears in","volume":"3","author":"Silasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.2.554.014k17_554_559","article-title":"The in\u00a0vivo kinetics of tissue factor messenger RNA expression during human endotoxemia: relationship with activation of coagulation","volume":"96","author":"Franco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-10-813618","article-title":"Peptidoglycan induces disseminated intravascular coagulation in baboons through activation of both coagulation pathways","volume":"132","author":"Popescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061302","article-title":"Signal-dependent splicing of tissue factor pre-mRNA modulates the thrombogenicity of human platelets","volume":"203","author":"Schwertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022050218125898500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-030619","article-title":"Human platelets synthesize and express functional tissue factor","volume":"109","author":"Panes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.11.7368","article-title":"C5a and TNF-alpha up-regulate the expression of tissue factor in intra-alveolar neutrophils of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Kambas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-004945","article-title":"Eosinophils are a major intravascular location for tissue factor storage and exposure","volume":"109","author":"Moosbauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.177","article-title":"Expression of functional tissue factor in activated T-lymphocytes in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo: A possible contribution of immunity to thrombosis?","volume":"218","author":"De Palma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B18","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsis","volume":"142","author":"Drake","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61204-7","article-title":"Tissue factor-dependent coagulation is preferentially up-regulated within arterial branching areas in a baboon model of Escherichia coli sepsis","volume":"167","author":"Lupu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.11.049","article-title":"Tissue factor\/TFPI and blood cells","volume":"129","author":"\u00d8sterud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.9.2516.2516","article-title":"Monocyte tissue factor induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS): dependence on LPS-binding protein and CD14, and inhibition by a recombinant fragment of bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein","volume":"83","author":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-137901","article-title":"A key role for Toll-like receptor-3 in disrupting the hemostasis balance on endothelial cells","volume":"113","author":"Shibamiya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14543","article-title":"Toll-like receptors\u00a02 and 7 mediate coagulation activation and coagulopathy in murine sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2015.12.004","article-title":"DAMP and DIC: The role of extracellular DNA and DNA-binding proteins in the pathogenesis of DIC","volume":"30","author":"Liaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-014-0065-0","article-title":"PAMPs and DAMPs as triggers for DIC","volume":"2","author":"Ito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intensive Care."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201302","article-title":"Anti-peptidoglycan antibodies and Fc\u03b3 receptors are the key mediators of inflammation in Gram-positive sepsis","volume":"189","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2022050218125898500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000513","article-title":"Monocyte procoagulant responses to anthrax peptidoglycan are reinforced by proinflammatory cytokine signaling","volume":"3","author":"Popescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.3.1027.1027","article-title":"Contribution of interleukin-1 to activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis, neutrophil degranulation, and the release of secretory-type phospholipase A2 in sepsis: studies in nonhuman primates after interleukin-1 alpha administration and during lethal bacteremia","volume":"86","author":"Jansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1086\/514034","article-title":"Pretreatment with a 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein attenuates activation of coagulation, but not of fibrinolysis, during lethal bacteremia in baboons","volume":"176","author":"van der Poll","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1253","article-title":"Elimination of interleukin 6 attenuates coagulation activation in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees","volume":"179","author":"van der Poll","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.003","article-title":"Inflammasome Activation Triggers Blood Clotting and Host Death through Pyroptosis","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54168-5","article-title":"Thrombin regulates tissue factor and thrombomodulin mRNA levels and activities in human saphenous vein endothelial cells by distinct mechanisms","volume":"268","author":"Bartha","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614610","article-title":"Stimulation of proteinase activated receptor-2 causes endothelial cells to promote blood coagulation in\u00a0vitro","volume":"81","author":"Alm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4794","article-title":"A novel C5a receptor-tissue factor cross-talk in neutrophils links innate immunity to coagulation pathways","volume":"177","author":"Ritis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4118-2_8","volume-title":"Complement Therapeutics.","author":"Brekke","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13979","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus-induced complement activation promotes tissue factor-mediated coagulation","volume":"16","author":"Skjeflo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022050218125898500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.19.8767","article-title":"P-selectin induces the expression of tissue factor on monocytes","volume":"91","author":"Celi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2020.102459","article-title":"Hypoxia induced up-regulation of tissue factor is mediated through extracellular RNA activated Toll-like receptor 3-activated protein 1 signalling","volume":"84","author":"Bhagat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000680","article-title":"Extracellular Histones Increase Tissue Factor Activity and Enhance Thrombin Generation by Human Blood Monocytes","volume":"46","author":"Gould","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B40","first-page":"352","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein induces tissue factor expression in vascular endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappaB and Egr-1","volume":"102","author":"Lv","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B41","first-page":"127","article-title":"Lethal E. coli septic shock is prevented by blocking tissue factor with monoclonal antibody","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circ Shock."},{"issue":"9400","key":"2022050218125898500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15012-X","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa\/tissue factor: a study in rhesus monkeys","volume":"362","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"405","key":"2022050218125898500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5441","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam5441","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes expressing tissue factor drive SIV and HIV coagulopathy","volume":"9","author":"Schechter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fff2c","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial assessing safety and efficacy of active site inactivated recombinant factor VIIa in subjects with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"2022050218125898500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12258","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15895","article-title":"The role of endothelial shear stress on haemodynamics, inflammation, coagulation and glycocalyx during sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Lupu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070104","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulation in the baboon lung is associated with decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor","volume":"171","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2184","article-title":"Reciprocal coupling of coagulation and innate immunity via neutrophil serine proteases","volume":"16","author":"Massberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"35","key":"2022050218125898500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)61488-2","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases cleave tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Effects on coagulation","volume":"275","author":"Belaaouaj","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199809000-00006","article-title":"Changes in plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels during the clinical course of disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"9","author":"Yamamuro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116529","article-title":"Tissue factor pathway inhibitor reduces mortality from Escherichia coli septic shock","volume":"91","author":"Creasey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.2.238","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"31","key":"2022050218125898500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706818114","article-title":"Inhibition of complement C5 protects against organ failure and reduces mortality in a baboon model of Escherichia coli sepsis","volume":"114","author":"Keshari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009345","article-title":"Factor XII plays a pathogenic role in organ failure and death in baboons challenged with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"138","author":"Silasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9304","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: the role of C1-esterase inhibitor in sepsis and other critical illnesses","volume":"15","author":"Singer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00008","article-title":"C1-inhibitor in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: beneficial effect on renal dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Caliezi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-995819","article-title":"Antithrombin: its physiological importance and role in DIC","volume":"24","author":"Mammen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996140","article-title":"Antithrombin III (AT III) prevents LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury: novel biological activity of AT III","volume":"23","author":"Uchiba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.4.1079","article-title":"Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated regulation of human neutrophil migration by the serpin antithrombin III","volume":"97","author":"Dunzendorfer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2022050218125898500_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.1.227","article-title":"Syndecan-4 mediates antithrombin-induced chemotaxis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes","volume":"115","author":"Kaneider","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200101000-00027","article-title":"Antithrombin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor and interleukin-6 production by mononuclear cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and whole blood","volume":"29","author":"Souter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp097","article-title":"Antithrombin reduces shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx following ischaemia\/reperfusion","volume":"83","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01697.x","article-title":"Treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin without concomitant heparin in patients with severe sepsis with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"4","author":"Kienast","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.326","article-title":"A summary of the Japan septic disseminated intravascular coagulation study","volume":"5","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022050218125898500_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-02-355974","article-title":"Activated protein C: biased for translation","volume":"125","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000168421.13467.82","article-title":"Regulation of blood coagulation by the protein C anticoagulant pathway: novel insights into structure-function relationships and molecular recognition","volume":"25","author":"Dahlb\u00e4ck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022050218125898500_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.19.10212","article-title":"The endothelial cell protein C receptor augments protein C activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex","volume":"93","author":"Stearns-Kurosawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.2.725","article-title":"Plasma levels of endothelial cell protein C receptor are elevated in patients with sepsis and systemic lupus erythematosus: lack of correlation with thrombomodulin suggests involvement of different pathological processes","volume":"91","author":"Kurosawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657869","article-title":"Protein C levels in disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: its correlation with other coagulation parameters","volume":"54","author":"Takahashi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P117","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1571","article-title":"Marked reductions of protein C and antithrombin in post-trauma DIC have close relations with MODS and poor outcome[abstract]","volume":"6","author":"Gando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.03.017","article-title":"Frequency and hemostatic abnormalities in pre-DIC patients","volume":"126","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.02267.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) in disseminated intravascular coagulation: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Saito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441001","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis","volume":"344","author":"Bernard","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"22","key":"2022050218125898500_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202290","article-title":"Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in adults with septic shock","volume":"366","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70157-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for severe sepsis: a meta-analysis and metaregression","volume":"12","author":"Kalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25383","article-title":"Final Results of the RHAPSODY Trial: A Multi-Center, Phase 2 Trial Using a Continual Reassessment Method to Determine the Safety and Tolerability of 3K3A-APC, A Recombinant Variant of Human Activated Protein C, in Combination with Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Mechanical Thrombectomy or both in Moderate to Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"85","author":"Lyden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2022050218125898500_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine Storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029617709084","article-title":"Biomarker Profile of Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy Using Biochip Assay for Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"24","author":"Walborn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"23","key":"2022050218125898500_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006073222302","article-title":"Activation of coagulation after administration of tumor necrosis factor to normal subjects","volume":"322","author":"van der Poll","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.8.2701","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia","volume":"89","author":"Pajkrt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B80","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Regulation of murine protein C gene expression in\u00a0vivo: effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"82","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.6.1522","article-title":"Thrombomodulin release in baboon sepsis: its dependence on the dose of Escherichia coli and the presence of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"171","author":"Redl","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.3.729","article-title":"Fibrinolytic response to tumor necrosis factor in healthy subjects","volume":"174","author":"van der Poll","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"36","key":"2022050218125898500_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010229117","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signaling induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular endothelial cells in cytokine release syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199303000-00006","article-title":"Influence of an anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody on cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. The CB0006 Sepsis Syndrome Study Group","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199707000-00010","article-title":"Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Sepsis Investigator Group","volume":"25","author":"Opal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e603","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30277-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study","volume":"2","author":"Biran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6801","key":"2022050218125898500_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/35025229","article-title":"Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors","volume":"407","author":"Coughlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.3.880","article-title":"A platelet\u00a0alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) is expressed on the plasma membrane after activation","volume":"101","author":"Stenberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01373.x","article-title":"The P-selectin, tissue factor, coagulation triad","volume":"3","author":"Polgar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.8.2645.2645_2645_2657","article-title":"Integrin signaling: the platelet paradigm","volume":"91","author":"Shattil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-311035","article-title":"Prothrombin activation on the activated platelet surface optimizes expression of procoagulant activity","volume":"117","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.001","article-title":"Platelet polyphosphates are proinflammatory and procoagulant mediators in\u00a0vivo","volume":"139","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022050218125898500_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-734988","article-title":"Polyphosphate nanoparticles on the platelet surface trigger contact system activation","volume":"129","author":"Verhoef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"14","key":"2022050218125898500_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83104-0","article-title":"Stimulated secretion of endothelial von Willebrand factor is accompanied by rapid redistribution to the cell surface of the intracellular granule membrane protein GMP-140","volume":"264","author":"Hattori","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000099880.09014.7D","article-title":"Thrombin and phenotypic modulation of the endothelium","volume":"24","author":"Minami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.05.001","article-title":"Targeting PAR1: Now What?","volume":"38","author":"Flaumenhaft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022050218125898500_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-09-599910","article-title":"Parmodulins inhibit thrombus formation without inducing endothelial injury caused by vorapaxar","volume":"125","author":"Aisiku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141374","article-title":"Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis","volume":"130","author":"Skendros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.02.006","article-title":"Complement and coagulation: strangers or partners in crime?","volume":"28","author":"Markiewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.03.014","article-title":"Crosstalk between the coagulation and complement systems in sepsis","volume":"133","author":"Lupu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000720","article-title":"Complement-coagulation connections","volume":"29","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis."},{"issue":"41","key":"2022050218125898500_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707364114","article-title":"Complement-activation fragment C4a mediates effector functions by binding as untethered agonist to protease-activated receptors 1 and 4","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1655974","article-title":"C5a induces tissue factor activity on endothelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Ikeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.9.1619","article-title":"The cytolytically inactive terminal complement complex activates endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules and tissue factor procoagulant activity","volume":"185","author":"Tedesco","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022050218125898500_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-460493","article-title":"Rapid activation of monocyte tissue factor by antithymocyte globulin is dependent on complement and protein disulfide isomerase","volume":"121","author":"Langer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.03.244","article-title":"Complement and platelets: Mutual interference in the immune network","volume":"67","author":"Speth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"issue":"34","key":"2022050218125898500_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81346-7","article-title":"Complement proteins C5b-9 cause release of membrane vesicles from the platelet surface that are enriched in the membrane receptor for coagulation factor Va and express prothrombinase activity","volume":"263","author":"Sims","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39666-8","article-title":"Complement proteins C5b-9 induce vesiculation of the endothelial plasma membrane and expose catalytic surface for assembly of the prothrombinase enzyme complex","volume":"265","author":"Hamilton","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0340-6","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in the development of sepsis-induced coagulopathy","volume":"6","author":"Iba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intensive Care."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-269746","article-title":"Complement inhibition decreases the procoagulant response and confers organ protection in a baboon model of Escherichia coli sepsis","volume":"116","author":"Silasi-Mansat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"5663","key":"2022050218125898500_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"36","key":"2022050218125898500_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005743107","article-title":"Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis","volume":"107","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-741298","article-title":"Platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps collaborate to promote intravascular coagulation during sepsis in mice","volume":"129","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000203700","article-title":"Activation of the human contact system on neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"1","author":"Oehmcke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Innate Immun."},{"issue":"4816","key":"2022050218125898500_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3649921","article-title":"Heparin promotes the inactivation of antithrombin by neutrophil elastase","volume":"237","author":"Jordan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-01-624023","article-title":"P-selectin promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in mice","volume":"126","author":"Etulain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021868","article-title":"Accumulation of tissue factor into developing thrombi in\u00a0vivo is dependent upon microparticle P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and platelet P-selectin","volume":"197","author":"Falati","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304114","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-343061","article-title":"Extracellular histones promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent mechanisms: involvement of platelet TLR2 and TLR4","volume":"118","author":"Semeraro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13493","article-title":"Histones link inflammation and thrombosis through the induction of Weibel-Palade body exocytosis","volume":"14","author":"Michels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"6367","key":"2022050218125898500_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8897","article-title":"Host DNases prevent vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"358","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2053","article-title":"Extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"2022050218125898500_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-582759","article-title":"Inter-\u03b1 inhibitor protein and its associated glycosaminoglycans protect against histone-induced injury","volume":"125","author":"Chaaban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002973","article-title":"Assembly of alternative prothrombinase by extracellular histones initiates and disseminates intravascular coagulation","volume":"137","author":"Abrams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18867","article-title":"Fibrinolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"27","author":"Hack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001089","article-title":"Thrombin Provokes Degranulation of Platelet \u03b1-Granules Leading to the Release of Active Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)","volume":"50","author":"Huebner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-017-0250-z","article-title":"Clinical significance of measuring plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Iba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intensive Care."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199410000-00022","article-title":"Study of the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation using molecular markers","volume":"5","author":"Asakura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050218125898500_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.9.1949.1949","article-title":"The specific activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in disseminated intravascular coagulation with acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"77","author":"Sakata","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110528","article-title":"Embelin ameliorated sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation intensities by simultaneously suppressing inflammation and thrombosis","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-4-7","article-title":"Antithrombin III (AT) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (R-TPA) used singly and in combination versus supportive care for treatment of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the neonatal pig","volume":"4","author":"Davis-Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e581","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.581","article-title":"Validating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a poor prognostic factor in sepsis","volume":"7","author":"Hoshino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000240916.63521.2e","article-title":"International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis score for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation predicts organ dysfunction and fatality in sepsis patients","volume":"17","author":"Voves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022050218125898500_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311193","article-title":"Factor XII Activation Promotes Platelet Consumption in the Presence of Bacterial-Type Long-Chain Polyphosphate In\u00a0Vitro and In\u00a0Vivo","volume":"38","author":"Zilberman-Rudenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022050218125898500_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23354","article-title":"Review: Viral infections and mechanisms of thrombosis and bleeding","volume":"84","author":"Goeijenbier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006520","article-title":"COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"136","author":"Al-Samkari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-06-0421","article-title":"Endosomal NADPH-oxidase is critical for induction of the tissue factor gene in monocytes and endothelial cells. Lessons from the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Prinz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"18","key":"2022050218125898500_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.18.7095","article-title":"Infection of vascular endothelial cells with herpes simplex virus enhances tissue factor activity and reduces thrombomodulin expression","volume":"87","author":"Key","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-08-0483","article-title":"Crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation during Dengue virus infection","volume":"99","author":"Huerta-Zepeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1086\/379724","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in ebola hemorrhagic fever: overexpression of tissue factor in primate monocytes\/macrophages is a key event","volume":"188","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-210179","article-title":"Increased tissue factor expression on circulating monocytes in chronic HIV infection: relationship to in\u00a0vivo coagulation and immune activation","volume":"115","author":"Funderburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-34","article-title":"A human in\u00a0vitro model system for investigating genome-wide host responses to SARS coronavirus infection","volume":"4","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"15","key":"2022050218125898500_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-376814","article-title":"Tissue factor and glycoprotein C on herpes simplex virus type 1 are protease-activated receptor 2 cofactors that enhance infection","volume":"119","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14790","article-title":"Coagulation factor VIIa binds to herpes simplex virus 1-encoded glycoprotein C forming a factor X-enhanced tenase complex oriented on membranes","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"10229","key":"2022050218125898500_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"issue":"10234","key":"2022050218125898500_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007252","article-title":"Platelet activation and platelet-monocyte aggregate formation trigger tissue factor expression in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"136","author":"Hottz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"6490","key":"2022050218125898500_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022050218125898500_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15050","article-title":"Is the COVID-19 thrombotic catastrophe complement-connected?","volume":"18","author":"Conway","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"17","key":"2022050218125898500_B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007575","article-title":"Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050218125898500_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003763","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Cuker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-053736","article-title":"Trousseau\u2019s syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms","volume":"110","author":"Varki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1687890","article-title":"Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Cancer: An Update","volume":"45","author":"Levi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050218125898500_B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1079257","article-title":"Diverse roles of tissue factor-expressing cell subsets in tumor progression","volume":"34","author":"Milsom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"8486","key":"2022050218125898500_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91027-5","article-title":"Cancer procoagulant and haemostatic abnormalities in melanoma","volume":"1","author":"Gambacorti Passerini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"15","key":"2022050218125898500_B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-368514","article-title":"Carcinoma mucins trigger reciprocal activation of platelets and neutrophils in a murine model of Trousseau syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050218125898500_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318882","article-title":"Selectin-mucin interactions as a probable molecular explanation for the association of Trousseau syndrome with mucinous adenocarcinomas","volume":"112","author":"Wahrenbrock","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"13","key":"2022050218125898500_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904013401303","article-title":"Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"340","author":"Menell","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398378","article-title":"Hemostasis and thrombosis in trauma patients","volume":"41","author":"Gando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"key":"2022050218125898500_B164","first-page":"1096","article-title":"The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial","volume-title":"Lancet.","author":"CRASH-2Collaborators","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.054","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"213","author":"Erez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022050218125898500_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020005225","article-title":"Placental thromboinflammation impairs embryonic survival by reducing placental thrombomodulin expression","volume":"137","author":"Kohli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022050218125898500_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000328","article-title":"Amniotic fluid embolism: update and review","volume":"29","author":"Sultan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050218125898500_B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1254050","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation in term and preterm neonates","volume":"36","author":"Veldman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050218125898500_B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1636-y","article-title":"Dual inhibition of thrombin and activated factor X attenuates disseminated intravascular coagulation and protects organ function in a baboon model of severe Gram-negative sepsis","volume":"21","author":"Sch\u00f6chl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care."}],"container-title":["Blood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/139\/13\/1973\/1889455\/bloodbld2020007208c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/139\/13\/1973\/1889455\/bloodbld2020007208c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T14:15:17Z","timestamp":1651500917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article\/139\/13\/1973\/476660\/Disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-and-its"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2020007208","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-0020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}