{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:37:33Z","timestamp":1792517853661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity (TIAN) was recently proposed as a unique complication of immunotherapy in patients with brain tumor. Here, we report a first comprehensive characterization of TIAN in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (CNSL) treated with CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CD19-CAR) T cells. TIAN occurred in 10 of 56 (17.9%) patients with CNSL, with clinical onset at a median 3.5 days (range, 1-9) after CD19-CAR T-cell infusion. It was less frequently associated with cytokine release syndrome (60% vs 100%; P = .009) than immune effector cell\u2013associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Although symptoms were usually transient and fully reversible, TIAN was associated with a fatal outcome in 1 patient. Larger CNS tumor volume at baseline allowed the identification of patients at risk for TIAN (area under the curve, 0.847; P = .002). Maximizing Youden J statistics, a discriminatory tumor volume threshold of &amp;gt;3.4 cm3 was determined, which carried 87.5% sensitivity and 80.5% specificity. TIAN correlated with higher overall response rates to CD19-CAR T cells (90% vs 52%; P = .036) and improved progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.61; P = .006) on multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. Postmortem histopathological evaluation of a TIAN lesion revealed a dense macrophage population with central necrosis and peripheral reactive gliosis, accompanied by loss of white matter and intracytoplasmic myelin in foamy macrophages. Collectively, our work supports TIAN as a localized on-tumor, on-target neurotoxicity syndrome, closely related to preexisting CNSL lesions and distinct from ICANS. CNS tumor volume at baseline may allow to identify patients at risk and may guide management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T20:43:38Z","timestamp":1752612218000},"page":"1902-1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical presentation, management, and outcome of TIAN in CNS lymphoma treated with CD19-CAR T-cell therapy"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon D.","family":"Kaulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"2Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"3Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5859-7562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Martinez-Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-9257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Abramson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Karschnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"6Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4470-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Doubrovinskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"3Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh M.","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan D.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Ramundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6177-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Ehret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"9Department of Radiation Oncology, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"10German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Berlin, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center and Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"El-Jawahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim P.","family":"Hochberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Connor","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3062-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Soumerai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott R.","family":"Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy T.","family":"Batchelor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"11Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"3Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7578-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela V.","family":"Maus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"12Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Frigault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"12Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8291-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorg","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"2025101611220921300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708566","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in refractory B-cell lymphomas","volume":"377","author":"Schuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025101611220921300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10254","key":"2025101611220921300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31366-0","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study","volume":"396","author":"Abramson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025101611220921300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1914347","article-title":"KTE-X19 CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma","volume":"382","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2241010637","article-title":"Lymphomas and high-grade astrocytomas: comparison of water diffusibility and histologic characteristics","volume":"224","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101611220921300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001694","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel CAR T-cell therapy in secondary CNS lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Frigault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025101611220921300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014738","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tisagenlecleucel in primary CNS lymphoma: a phase 1\/2 clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Frigault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101611220921300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012932","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in primary central nervous system lymphoma: the clinical experience of the French LOC network","volume":"139","author":"Alcantara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025101611220921300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020004106","article-title":"CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy for treatment of primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008525","article-title":"Toxicity and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in primary and secondary CNS lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 128 patients","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025101611220921300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad118","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and management of primary and secondary central nervous system lymphoma after adoptive immunotherapy with CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cells","volume":"25","author":"Karschnia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101611220921300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1704610","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cells in CNS diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Abramson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025101611220921300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27505","article-title":"Toxicities and outcome after CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for secondary neurolymphomatosis","volume":"99","author":"Kaulen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101611220921300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00547-6","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025101611220921300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03084-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrelapse mortality after CAR T cell therapy","volume":"30","author":"Cordas dos Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025101611220921300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-12-893396","article-title":"Clinical presentation, management, and biomarkers of neurotoxicity after adoptive immunotherapy with CAR T cells","volume":"133","author":"Karschnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101611220921300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00715-0","article-title":"Non-ICANS neurological complications after CAR T-cell therapies: recommendations from the EBMT Practice Harmonisation and Guidelines Committee","volume":"26","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101611220921300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116133","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Locke","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00591-X","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","volume":"23","author":"Jacobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025101611220921300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7","article-title":"CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade","volume":"24","author":"Giavridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025101611220921300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0036-4","article-title":"Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells","volume":"24","author":"Norelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101611220921300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1319","article-title":"Clinical and biological correlates of neurotoxicity associated with CAR T-cell therapy in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Santomasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025101611220921300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0698","article-title":"Endothelial activation and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in neurotoxicity after adoptive immunotherapy with CD19 CAR-T cells","volume":"7","author":"Gust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101611220921300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-881722","article-title":"GM-CSF inhibition reduces cytokine release syndrome and neuroinflammation but enhances CAR-T cell function in xenografts","volume":"133","author":"Sterner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101611220921300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00764-7","article-title":"Targeting TGF\u03b2-activated kinase-1 activation in microglia reduces CAR T immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Vinnakota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.022","article-title":"Single-cell analyses identify brain mural cells expressing CD19 as potential off-tumor targets for CAR-T immunotherapies","volume":"183","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101611220921300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02541-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics exerts predictive potential for immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) in CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"39","author":"Nomiyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025101611220921300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2703","article-title":"Clinical predictors of neurotoxicity after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy","volume":"77","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101611220921300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005459","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005459","article-title":"Forecasting immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Amidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101611220921300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0006-x","article-title":"Potent antitumor efficacy of anti-GD2 CAR T cells in H3-K27M(+) diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"24","author":"Mount","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101611220921300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02276-w","article-title":"Tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity","volume":"29","author":"Mahdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7903","key":"2025101611220921300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4","article-title":"GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"603","author":"Majzner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101611220921300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70125-6","article-title":"Clinical features, mechanisms, and management of pseudoprogression in malignant gliomas","volume":"9","author":"Brandsma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025101611220921300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00088-1","article-title":"Immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology: a report of the RANO working group","volume":"16","author":"Okada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025101611220921300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102820","article-title":"Assessment of CAR T cell frequencies in axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel patients using duplex quantitative PCR","volume":"12","author":"Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101611220921300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010137","article-title":"A rapid genotyping panel for detection of primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"138","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8046","key":"2025101611220921300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08171-9","article-title":"Intravenous and intracranial GD2-CAR T cells for H3K27M(+) diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"637","author":"Monje","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025101611220921300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314390","article-title":"Intraventricular CARv3-TEAM-E T cells in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"390","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101611220921300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758","article-title":"ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transpl"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025101611220921300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.13.524","article-title":"Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Abrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025101611220921300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024013393","article-title":"CNS bridging radiotherapy achieves rapid cytoreduction before CAR T-cell therapy for aggressive B-cell lymphomas","volume":"8","author":"Cederquist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025101611220921300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3708","article-title":"Overall survival and long-term safety of nivolumab (anti-programmed death 1 antibody, BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"33","author":"Gettinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101611220921300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.10.167","article-title":"Pseudoprogression in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received nivolumab monotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025101611220921300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0114","article-title":"Immune-related tumor response dynamics in melanoma patients treated with pembrolizumab: identifying markers for clinical outcome and treatment decisions","volume":"23","author":"Nishino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"7854","key":"2025101611220921300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03363-z","article-title":"A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 in newly diagnosed glioma","volume":"592","author":"Platten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101611220921300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00508-z","article-title":"Neuromodulation by the immune system: a focus on cytokines","volume":"21","author":"Salvador","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101611220921300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101611220921300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae115","article-title":"Outcomes and relapse patterns in primary central nervous system lymphoma: longitudinal analysis of 559 patients diagnosed from 1983 to 2020","volume":"26","author":"Tringale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101611220921300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.393","article-title":"MRI features of primary central nervous system lymphomas at presentation","volume":"57","author":"B\u00fchring","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25502","article-title":"Glial injury in neurotoxicity after pediatric CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy","volume":"86","author":"Gust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101611220921300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab020","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for MRI and PET imaging of primary central nervous system lymphoma: guideline statement from the International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group (IPCG)","volume":"23","author":"Barajas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101611220921300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30050-y","article-title":"The genomic and transcriptional landscape of primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"13","author":"Radke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101611220921300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.11.002","article-title":"Molecular and clinical diversity in primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Verdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101611220921300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae251","article-title":"Distinct epigenetic and transcriptional profiles of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive and negative primary CNS lymphomas","volume":"27","author":"Hai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025101611220921300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801445","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"378","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101611220921300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.027","article-title":"Genetic and functional drivers of diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"171","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Blood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/146\/16\/1902\/2416969\/blood_bld-2025-028964-main.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/146\/16\/1902\/2416969\/blood_bld-2025-028964-main.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T15:22:20Z","timestamp":1760628140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article\/146\/16\/1902\/546191\/Clinical-presentation-management-and-outcome-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2025028964","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-0020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}