{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:06:58Z","timestamp":1791040018640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with the immunodeficiency disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) have lymphocytes with aberrant microvilli, and their T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are impaired in cytoskeletal-dependent processes. WAS is caused by a defective or a missing WAS protein (WASP). Signal mediators interleukin-4 (IL-4) and CD40 are important for actin-dependent morphology changes in B cells. A possible function of WASP and its interacting partners, Cdc42 and Rac1, was investigated for these changes. It was found that active Cdc42 and Rac1 induced filopodia and lamellipodia, respectively, in activated B cells. Evidence is given that IL-4 has a specific role in the regulated cycling of Cdc42 because IL-4 partially and transiently depleted active Cdc42 from detergent extract of activated B cells. WASP-deficient B lymphocytes were impaired in IL-4\u2013 and CD40-dependent induction of polarized and spread cells. Microvilli were expressed on WASP-deficient B cells, but they appeared shorter and less dense in cell contacts than in wild-type cells. In conclusion, evidence is provided for the involvement of Cdc42, Rac1, and WASP in the cytoskeletal regulation of B lymphocytes. Aberrations in WASP-deficient B lymphocytes, described here, provide further evidence that WAS is a cytoskeletal disease of hematopoietic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v98.4.1086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T08:46:47Z","timestamp":1027759607000},"page":"1086-1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Cdc42, Rac1, and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein are involved in the cytoskeletal regulation of B lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Westerberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gediminas","family":"Greicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Snapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pontus","family":"Aspenstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Severinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2020021221310172800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90337-9","article-title":"Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm.","volume":"76","author":"Springer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1997.0081","article-title":"Distinctive characteristics of germinal center B cells.","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(07)00478-2","article-title":"Germinal centers: getting there is half the fun.","volume":"8","author":"Tarlinton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.3.501","article-title":"Leukocyte polarization in cell migration and immune interactions.","volume":"18","author":"Sa\u0301nchez\u2013Madrid","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/76877","article-title":"The immunological synapse and the actin cytoskeleton: molecular hardware for T cell signaling.","volume":"1","author":"Dustin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B6","first-page":"237","article-title":"Recombinant IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3 activate locomotor capacity in human B lymphocytes.","volume":"67","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210618","article-title":"T and B cell collaboration: induction of motility in small, resting B cells by interleukin 4.","volume":"21","author":"Clinchy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1110","article-title":"Interactions between IL-4, anti-CD40, and anti-immunoglobulin as activators of locomotion of human B cells.","volume":"155","author":"Komai-Koma","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.7.995","article-title":"STAT6 is required for the regulation of IL-4\u2013 induced cytoskeletal events in B cells.","volume":"12","author":"Davey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00126.x","article-title":"CD44-stimulated dendrite formation (\u2018spreading\u2019) in activated B cells.","volume":"90","author":"Santos-Argumedo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5366","article-title":"Regulation of cell morphology in B lymphocytes by IL-4: evidence for induced cytoskeletal changes.","volume":"160","author":"Davey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/08977198909069083","article-title":"Interleukin 4 induces cellular adhesion among B lymphocytes.","volume":"2","author":"Elenstro\u0308m","year":"1989","journal-title":"Growth Factors."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B13","first-page":"218","article-title":"Inhibition of LFA-1\u2013dependent human B-cell aggregation induced by CD40 antibodies and interleukin-4 leads to decreased IgE synthesis.","volume":"78","author":"Bjo\u0308rck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00442.x","article-title":"Assessment of the role of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 in homotypic adhesion of activated B lymphocytes.","volume":"48","author":"Greicius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.6.1329.1329","article-title":"Morphological abnormalities in the lymphocytes of patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"68","author":"Kenney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.3.867","article-title":"T cell lines characterize events in the pathogenesis of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"176","author":"Molina","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.8.3089","article-title":"Defective actin reorganization and polymerization of Wiskott-Aldrich T cells in response to CD3- mediated stimulation.","volume":"90","author":"Gallego","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199805)185:1<99::AID-PATH48>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Defective actin polymerization in EBV-transformed B-cell lines from patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"185","author":"Facchetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199810)28:10<3259::AID-IMMU3259>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Intrinsic dendritic cell abnormalities in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Binks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.2.1026","article-title":"Monocytes from Wiskott-Aldrich patients display reduced chemotaxis and lack of cell polarization in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine.","volume":"161","author":"Badolato","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00767.x","article-title":"Chemotaxis of macrophages is abolished in the Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"101","author":"Zicha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1995.9979","article-title":"The mouse homolog of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) gene is highly conserved and maps near the Scurfy (sf) mutation on the X chromsome.","volume":"29","author":"Derry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00917.x","article-title":"N-WASP, a novel actin-depolymerizing protein, regulates the cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement in a PIP2-dependent manner downstream of tyrosine kinases.","volume":"15","author":"Miki","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)00015-3","article-title":"Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2\/3 complex.","volume":"8","author":"Machesky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80732-1","article-title":"The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2\/3 complex link Cdc42\u2013dependent signals to actin assembly.","volume":"97","author":"Rohatgi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(99)80014-3","article-title":"The Arp2\/3 complex: a multifunctional actin organizer.","volume":"11","author":"Machesky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81050-8","article-title":"Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, a novel effector for the GTPase Cdc42Hs, is implicated in actin polymerization.","volume":"84","author":"Symons","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9648","article-title":"Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates podosomes in primary human macrophages.","volume":"96","author":"Linder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80590-7","article-title":"Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient mice reveal a role for WASP in T but not B cell activation.","volume":"9","author":"Snapper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.9.1329","article-title":"Antigen receptor-induced activation and cytoskeletal rearrangement are impaired in Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient mice.","volume":"190","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00423-2","article-title":"Two GTPases, Cdc42 and rac, bind directly to a protein implicated in the immunodeficiency disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Aspenstro\u0308m","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480241","article-title":"Rho GTPases and their effector proteins.","volume":"348","author":"Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.141.5.1147","article-title":"A role for Cdc42 in macrophage chemotaxis.","volume":"141","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.144.6.1235","article-title":"Rho GTPases control polarity, protrusion, and adhesion during cell movement.","volume":"144","author":"Nobes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.148.5.843","article-title":"Untying the Gordian knot of cytokinesis: role of small G proteins and their regulators.","volume":"148","author":"Prokopenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.9.1487","article-title":"Requirements for both Rac1 and Cdc42 in membrane ruffling and phagocytosis in leukocytes.","volume":"186","author":"Cox","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1717","article-title":"Identification of two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis controlled by different Rho GTPases.","volume":"282","author":"Caron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830180115","article-title":"Establishment of mouse cell lines which constitutively secrete large quantities of interleukin 2, 3, 4 or 5 using modified cDNA expression vectors.","volume":"18","author":"Karasuyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240816","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to murine CD40 define two distinct functional epitopes.","volume":"24","author":"Heath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.1991.10.281","article-title":"Characterization of Pgp-1 antigen on murine B lymphocytes using a new anti\u2013Pgp-1 monoclonal antibody.","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hybridoma."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01016-3","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein by Lyn and Btk is regulated by Cdc42.","volume":"434","author":"Guinamard","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250514","article-title":"Homotypic aggregation of murine B lymphocytes is independent of CD23.","volume":"25","author":"Davey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201005","article-title":"Minimal Ras-binding domain of Raf1 can be used as an activation-specific probe for Ras.","volume":"14","author":"de Rooij","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90164-8","article-title":"The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling.","volume":"70","author":"Ridley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90370-4","article-title":"Rho, rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, filopodia.","volume":"81","author":"Nobes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/39651","article-title":"Structure at 1.65 \u212b of Rho A and its GTPase-activating protein in complex with a transition-state analogue.","volume":"389","author":"Rittinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9656","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.16.9656","article-title":"Crystal structure of human RhoA in a dominantly active form complexed with a GTP analogue.","volume":"273","author":"Ihara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E25","DOI":"10.1038\/10018","article-title":"Tools of the trade: use of dominant-inhibitory mutants of Ras-family GTPases.","volume":"1","author":"Feig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B49","first-page":"21999","article-title":"Characterization of the interactions between the small GTPase Cdc42 and its GTPase-activating proteins and putative effectors.","volume":"272","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(12)80027-5","article-title":"Methods for phenotyping polarized and locomotor human lymphocytes.","volume":"147","author":"Newman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<54::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Novel mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein gene and their effects on transcriptional, translational, and clinical phenotypes.","volume":"14","author":"Lemahieu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Mutat."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/35004513","article-title":"Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.","volume":"404","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.4.785","article-title":"Two pathways through Cdc42 couple the N-formyl receptor to actin nucleation in permeabilized human neutrophils.","volume":"150","author":"Glogauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80670-4","article-title":"Structure of the Rho family GTP-binding protein Cdc42 in complex with the multifunctional regulator RhoGDI.","volume":"100","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-0674(92)90133-W","article-title":"Protein prenylation: more than just glue?","volume":"4","author":"Cox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36882-6","article-title":"Translocation of Rac correlates with NADPH oxidase activation.","volume":"268","author":"Quinn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31748-4","article-title":"Guanine nucleotide exchange regulates membrane translocation of Rac\/Rho GTP-binding proteins.","volume":"269","author":"Bokoch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13198","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.19.13198","article-title":"Characterization of rac and Cdc42 activation in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophils using a novel assay for active GTPases.","volume":"274","author":"Benard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203458","article-title":"IL-4 regulation of IL-6 production involves rac\/Cdc42- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways in keratinocytes.","volume":"19","author":"Wery-Zennaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01350-4","article-title":"Is Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome a cell trafficking disorder.","volume":"19","author":"Thrasher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Immunol Today."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90095-7","article-title":"The immune responses in CD40-deficient mice: impaired immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation.","volume":"1","author":"Kawabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.8.2395","article-title":"Characterization of the physical interaction between antigen-specific B and T cells.","volume":"137","author":"Sanders","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.7.2349","article-title":"Interleukin 4 enhances the ability of antigen-specific B cells to form conjugates with T cells.","volume":"139","author":"Sanders","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.775","article-title":"Polarized expression of cytokines in cell conjugates of helper T cells and splenic B cells.","volume":"88","author":"Kupfer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2020021221310172800_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5250","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.10.5250","article-title":"CD4+ T cell responses to CD40-deficient APCs: defects in proliferation and negative selection apply only with B cells as APCs.","volume":"163","author":"Ozaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol."}],"container-title":["Blood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/98\/4\/1086\/1676402\/h8160101086.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/98\/4\/1086\/1676402\/h8160101086.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T16:11:30Z","timestamp":1682266290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article\/98\/4\/1086\/107174\/Cdc42-Rac1-and-the-WiskottAldrich-syndrome-protein"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.v98.4.1086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-0020","0006-4971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-0020","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0006-4971","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]}}}