{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:23:24Z","timestamp":1791559404537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>V(D)J recombination in lymphocytes is mediated by 2 recombination-activating genes, RAG1 and RAG2,which are expressed during lymphocyte development in bone marrow and thymus. Prompted by studies reporting re-expression of the RAGs in germinal center B cells, the expression of RAGs and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in human lymphoid tissues was examined using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Here it is shown that RAGs and TdT are not reinduced in germinal center reactions. However, RAG+\/TdT+ cells are frequently present in extrafollicular areas of tonsils mainly at the boundary between lymphoid tissue and fibrous scaffold. Phenotypic analyses suggest that these cells are B cells. Finally, it is shown that RAG+\/TdT+ cells are found more frequently in tonsils than in other peripheral lymphoid tissues. This may reflect an increased influx of RAG+\/TdT+ cells as a result of higher antigenic stimulation at this site. Alternatively, this observation may indicate that the tonsils are an additional site of lymphocyte ontogeny.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v99.2.531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:46:47Z","timestamp":1027774007000},"page":"531-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Expression of the recombination-activating genes in extrafollicular lymphocytes but no apparent reinduction in germinal center reactions in human tonsils"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Meru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Pathologisches Institut, Friedrich-Alexander-Universita\u0308t, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Pathologisches Institut, Friedrich-Alexander-Universita\u0308t, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Pathologisches Institut, Friedrich-Alexander-Universita\u0308t, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Niedobitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Pathologisches Institut, Friedrich-Alexander-Universita\u0308t, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2020021221003105000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2360047","article-title":"RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination.","volume":"248","author":"Oettinger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020021221003105000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(98)80246-X","article-title":"Antigen receptor gene rearrangement.","volume":"10","author":"Grawunder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"2020021221003105000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90131-0","article-title":"Down-regulation of RAG1 and RAG2 gene expression in preB cells after functional immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement.","volume":"3","author":"Grawunder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"2020021221003105000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250519","article-title":"Regulation of T cell receptor (TCR)-beta locus allelic exclusion and initiation of TCR-alpha locus rearrangement in immature thymocytes by signaling through the CD3 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