{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:06:30Z","timestamp":1791331590496,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce a novel in vivo model of human mucosal immunity, based on the implantation of human fetal bronchial mucosa and autologous peribronchial lymph node (PLN) in the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse. In the SCID host, human fetal bronchi implanted alone retain macrophages and mast cells but lose T cells. In contrast, fetal bronchi co-implanted with PLN contain, in addition to macrophages and mast cells, numerous T cells and B cells, often clustered in intramucosal bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Functionally, bronchus\u2013PLN cografts are able to mount robust \u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell\u2013mediated immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3,4-epoxy-3-methyl-1-butyl-diphosphate challenges. No other autologous lymphoid organ (bone marrow, thymus, liver) allows for BALT development in co-implanted bronchi, which suggests special ontogenetic and functional relations between extramucosal PLN and intramucosal BALT. Overall, the bronchus\u2013PLN cograft appears as a promising model for human bronchial immune development and function. Our study is the first to document long-term ex vivo maintenance of functional human lymph nodes as native appendices to mucosal tissue. Our results, therefore, suggest a simple strategy for developing similar experimental models of human immune function in other mucosae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v99.7.2483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1034361232000},"page":"2483-2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ex vivo development of functional human lymph node and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Rabindra","family":"Tirouvanziam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Khazaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoire","family":"N'Sonde\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Alix","family":"Peyrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"de Bentzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Jacques","family":"Fournie\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Pe\u0301ault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Mole\u0301culaire du CNRS UPR 9064, Nogent-sur-Marne and INSERM U506, Villejuif; INSERM U463, Nantes; INSERM U277, Paris; INSERM U514, Reims; and INSERM U395, Toulouse, 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