{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:44:28Z","timestamp":1792028668388,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>CD4+ T cells are critical for inducing and maintaining efficient humoral and cellular immune responses to pathogens. The CD4+ T-cell response in human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection has not been studied in detail. However, CD4+ T cells have been shown to predominate in early lesions in HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). We present direct estimates of HTLV-1 Env- and Tax-specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies in patients infected with HTLV-1. We first showed that there was a strong bias toward the Th1 phenotype in these HTLV-1\u2013specific CD4+ T cells in patients with HAM\/TSP. We then demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of HTLV-1\u2013specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells in HAM\/TSP patients than in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers. The majority of these HTLV-1\u2013specific CD4+ T cells did not express HTLV-1 Tax and were therefore unlikely to be infected by HTLV-1. High frequencies of activated HTLV-1\u2013specific CD4+ T cells of the Th1 phenotype might contribute to the initiation or pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP and other HTLV-1\u2013associated inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v99.9.3335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1034361232000},"page":"3335-3341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["High frequencies of Th1-type CD4+ T cells specific to HTLV-1 Env and Tax proteins in patients with HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Peter K. C.","family":"Goon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Hanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadahiko","family":"Igakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuetsu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Immunology and Genito-Urinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R. 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