{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:59:08Z","timestamp":1789437548173,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Over 25 years, the Georgia Emerging Infections Program\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Active Bacterial Core Surveillance network identified 104 IPD episodes among 3707 children with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) or HbSC aged &amp;lt;10 years, representing 6% of IPD in Black or African American children residing in Metropolitan Atlanta (reference population). Children with IPD and HbSS\/SC were older than those with IPD in the reference population (P\u00a0&amp;lt; .001). From 1994-1999 to 2010-2018, IPD declined by 87% in children with HbSS aged 0 to 4 years, and by 80% in those aged 5 to 9 years. However, IPD incidence rate ratios when comparing children with SCD with the reference population increased from 20.2 to 29.2 over these periods. Among children with HbSS and IPD, death declined from 14% to 3% after 2002, and meningitis declined from 16% to 8%. Penicillin resistance was more prevalent in children with SCD before 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) licensure. After 2010, all IPD serotypes were not included in the 13-valent PCV (PCV13). Within 3 years of vaccination, the effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) against non-PCV13 serotypes included in PPSV23 plus 15A\/15C was 92% (95% confidence interval, 40.8- 99.0, P\u00a0= .014; indirect-cohort effect adjusted for age and hydroxyurea). PPSV23 would cover 62% of non-PCV13 serotype IPD in children with SCD, whereas PCV15, PCV20, and PCV21\/V116 (in\u00a0development) could cover 16%, 51%, and 92%, respectively. Although less frequent, IPD\u00a0remains a life-threatening risk in children with SCD. Effective vaccines with broader coverage could benefit these children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T13:54:00Z","timestamp":1694526840000},"page":"6751-6761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Thomas V.","family":"Adamkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Family Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne E. M.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"3Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stepy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"5Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"6Atlanta Veterans Administration Health System, Decatur, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Tunali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"6Atlanta Veterans Administration Health System, Decatur, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina W.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"7University of California, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3601-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Folashade S.","family":"Omole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Family Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"3Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8631-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inci","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"8Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"},{"name":"9Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT"},{"name":"10Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale Institute of Global Health, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10091","key":"2023112813010271900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30193-9","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"390","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023112813010271900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.8.2238.bloodjournal8582238","article-title":"Functional asplenia in hemoglobin SC disease","volume":"85","author":"Lane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023112813010271900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-278747","article-title":"Biomarkers of splenic function in infants with sickle cell anemia: baseline data from the BABY HUG Trial","volume":"117","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"18","key":"2023112813010271900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03310430031017","article-title":"Pneumococcal septicemia in children with sickle cell anemia. 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