{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:08:55Z","timestamp":1769746135057,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of the impact of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function in children have yielded mixed results, partly related to differences in study design, exposure assessment, confounder selection and data analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We assembled respiratory health and exposure data for &gt;45,000 children from comparable cross-sectional studies in 12 countries. 11 respiratory symptoms were selected, for which comparable questions were asked. Spirometry was performed in about half of the children. Exposure to air pollution was mainly characterised by annual average concentrations of particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) measured at fixed sites within the study areas.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Positive associations were found between the average PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>concentration and the prevalence of phlegm (OR per 10 \u03bcg\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>1.15, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.30), hay fever (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99\u20131.46), bronchitis (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.98\u20131.19), morning cough (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.29) and nocturnal cough (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.98\u20131.29). There were no associations with diagnosed asthma or asthma symptoms. PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>was not associated with lung function across all studies combined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Our study adds to the evidence that long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution, characterised by the concentration of PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, is associated with increased respiratory symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00002611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,21]],"date-time":"2012-04-21T03:04:14Z","timestamp":1334977454000},"page":"538-547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["PM<sub>10<\/sub>, and children's respiratory symptoms and lung function in the PATY study"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Pattenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Willers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temenuga","family":"Antova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Fabianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Braun-Fahrl\u00e4nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Forastiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Luttmann-Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Grize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Houthuijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Katsnelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kosheleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanns","family":"Moshammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Privalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rudnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Speizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Slachtova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Tomaskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Zlotkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900844","article-title":"Short-term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Weinmayr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Systematic review of air pollution, a global update. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006."},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.587","article-title":"Effects of inhalable particles on respiratory health of children","volume":"139","author":"Dockery","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104500","article-title":"Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children: respiratory symptoms","volume":"104","author":"Dockery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9910753","article-title":"Respiratory diseases and allergies in two polluted areas in East Germany","volume":"107","author":"Heinrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.5.865"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9804144"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9804143"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c29.x"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6243"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9116984","article-title":"Respiratory health and long-term exposure to air pollutants in Swiss schoolchildren. SCARPOL Team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution, Climate and Pollen","volume":"155","author":"Braun-Fahrlander","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31815c0827"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104506","article-title":"Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children: pulmonary function","volume":"104","author":"Raizenne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318181650f"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040610"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.025213"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1552OC"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500096"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199911000-00005"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.20","first-page":"27","article-title":"[Chronic respiratory disease risk factors in younger schoolchildren dwelling in towns with different levels of ambient air pollution]","volume":"16","author":"Katsnelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vestnnik Uralskoy Medizinskoy Akademicheskoy Nauki"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00017205"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0323OC"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00041103a"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00124-7"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.10.651"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199807000-00006"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027995"},{"key":"2024102021072686000_40.3.538.30","first-page":"w13129","article-title":"The Year of the Lung: outdoor air pollution and lung health","volume":"140","author":"Perez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.00002611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:37:22Z","timestamp":1740379042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.00002611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/09031936.00002611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00002611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]]}}}