{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1793714578348,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the correlation between sputum colour and the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECBs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Data were pooled from six multicentre studies comparing moxifloxacin with other antimicrobials in patients with an AECB. Sputum was collected before antimicrobial therapy, and bacteria were identified by culture and Gram staining. Association between sputum colour and bacteria was determined using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Of 4,089 sputum samples, a colour was reported in 4,003; 1,898 (46.4%) were culture-positive. Green or yellow sputum samples were most likely to yield bacteria (58.9% and 45.5% of samples, respectively), compared with 18% of clear and 39% of rust-coloured samples positive for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Factors predicting a positive culture were sputum colour (the strongest predictor), sputum purulence, increased dyspnoea, male sex and absence of fever. Green or yellow\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    white sputum colour was associated with a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 15% for the presence of bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sputum colour, particularly green and yellow, was a stronger predictor of potentially pathogenic bacteria than sputum purulence and increased dyspnoea in AECB patients. However, it does not necessarily predict the need for antibiotic treatment in all patients with AECB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00042111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T20:55:54Z","timestamp":1319748954000},"page":"1354-1360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Miravitlles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kruesmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Haverstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Perroncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shurjeel H.","family":"Choudhri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Arvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17907-0"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-196"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.6.1638"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.4","first-page":"450","article-title":"Sputum color: potential implications for clinical practice","volume":"53","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.10.020"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000102900408","article-title":"A multinational, multicentre, non-blinded, randomized study of moxifloxacin oral tablets compared with co-amoxiclav oral tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis","volume":"29","author":"Schaberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0708"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2000.0927"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.9","first-page":"117","article-title":"Short-course (5-day) moxifloxacin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"19","author":"Hautamaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Today's Ther Trends"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.4.501"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.11","first-page":"S77","article-title":"Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022"},{"key":"2024102020540983000_39.6.1354.13","unstructured":"Macaskill P Gatsonis C Deeks JJ . 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