{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:22:23Z","timestamp":1791278543927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of ciliary ultrastructure is classically used for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). We report our extensive experience of TEM analysis in a large series of patients in order to evaluate its feasibility and results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>TEM analysis performed in 1,149 patients with suspected PCD was retrospectively reviewed. Biopsies (1,450) were obtained from nasal (44%) or bronchial (56%) mucosa in children (66.5%) and adults (33.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>TEM analysis was feasible in 71.4% of patients and showed a main defect suggestive of PCD in 29.9%. TEM was more feasible in adults than in children, regardless of the biopsy site. Main defects suggestive of PCD were found in 76.9% of patients with sinopulmonary symptoms and in only 0.4% of patients with isolated upper and 0.4% with isolated lower respiratory tract infections. The defect pattern was similar in children and adults, involving dynein arms (81.2%) or central complex (CC) (18.8%). Situs inversus was never observed in PCD patients with CC defect. Kartagener syndrome with normal ciliary ultrastructure was not an exceptional condition (10.2% of PCD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, TEM analysis is feasible in most patients and is particularly useful for PCD diagnosis in cases of sinopulmonary syndrome of unknown origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00046209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,19]],"date-time":"2009-10-19T20:18:33Z","timestamp":1255983513000},"page":"1057-1063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["A 20-year experience of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"J. 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