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However, studying the respective role of OSA and obesity is difficult in patients, making it necessary to refer to animal models or<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>systems. Since most OSA patients are obese, their management requires a multidisciplinary approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This review summarises some aspects of the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity, and the possible effects of sleep loss on metabolism. OSA-associated metabolic dysfunction (insulin resistance, liver dysfunction and atherogenic dyslipidaemia) is discussed from the perspective of both obesity and OSA in adults and children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Finally, the effects of treatment for obesity or OSA, or both, on cardio-metabolic variables are summarised. 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