{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1790854255916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation may contribute to upper airway pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Our objective was to compare upper airway pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, oxidative stress and connective tissue deposition in severe (n = 25)<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>mild (n = 17) OSA patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Upper airway surgical specimens were separated by predominance of either mucosal or muscle tissue. Expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1, IL-6, interferon-\u03b3, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 and<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-selectin were measured by ribonuclease protection assay. Oxidative stress was assessed<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>protein carbonyl group detection by immunoblotting. Histochemistry was employed for immunolocalisation of selected cytokines and connective tissue morphometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the severe OSA group, expression of IL-1\u03b1, IL-6 and TGF-\u03b2 was significantly higher in mucosa-predominant tissues, whereas in muscle-predominant specimens, RANTES expression was greater in severe OSA. Increased protein carbonylation was observed in severe OSA within both mucosal and muscle compartments. Immunohistochemistry localised TGF-\u03b2 to submucosal and perimuscular inflammatory cells, while IL-6 was primarily localised to myocytes. Consistent with the pro-fibrotic cytokine profile observed in mucosa-predominant tissue, morphometric analysis revealed greater submucosal and perimuscular connective tissue in severe OSA subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There is increased pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine expression, oxidative stress, and connective tissue deposition in upper airway tissues from severe<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>mild OSA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00048610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,17]],"date-time":"2010-09-17T01:09:59Z","timestamp":1284685799000},"page":"89-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Increased upper airway cytokines and oxidative stress in severe obstructive sleep 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