{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:11:30Z","timestamp":1793657490942,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Investigation of contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for TB control in high-income countries, and is increasingly being considered in resource-limited settings. This review was commissioned for a World Health Organization Expert Panel to develop global contact investigation guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies reporting the prevalence of TB and latent TB infection, and the annual incidence of TB among contacts of patients with TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    After screening 9,555 titles, we included 203 published studies. In 95 studies from low- and middle-income settings, the prevalence of active TB in all contacts was 3.1% (95% CI 2.2\u20134.4%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =99.4%), microbiologically proven TB was 1.2% (95% CI 0.9\u20131.8%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =95.9%), and latent TB infection was 51.5% (95% CI 47.1\u201355.8%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =98.9%). The prevalence of TB among household contacts was 3.1% (95% CI 2.1\u20134.5%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =98.8%) and among contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB was 3.4% (95% CI 0.8\u201312.6%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =95.7%). Incidence was greatest in the first year after exposure. In 108 studies from high-income settings, the prevalence of TB among contacts was 1.4% (95% CI 1.1\u20131.8%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =98.7%), and the prevalence of latent infection was 28.1% (95% CI 24.2\u201332.4%, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =99.5%). There was substantial heterogeneity among published studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Contacts of TB patients are a high-risk group for developing TB, particularly within the first year. Children &lt;5 yrs of age and people living with HIV are particularly at risk. Policy recommendations must consider evidence of the cost-effectiveness of various contact tracing strategies, and also incorporate complementary strategies to enhance case finding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00070812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]],"date-time":"2012-08-31T01:29:53Z","timestamp":1346376593000},"page":"140-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":604,"title":["Contact investigation for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone E.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warwick J.","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy B.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102021194366000_41.1.140.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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