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Important pharmacokinetic characteristics that can enhance the safety of ICS include on-site activation in the lung, low oropharyngeal exposure, negligible oral bioavailability, high protein-binding and rapid systemic clearance.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The degree of oropharyngeal exposure is relevant to local side-effects, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis, dysphonia and coughing. Pharmacokinetic properties that influence the degree of systemic exposure are relevant to the pharmacodynamic effect of ICS-induced hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis suppression and cortisol suppression, an indicator of potential long-term systemic side-effects, such as reduced growth velocity and bone density, fractures, and skin bruising and thinning.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Therefore, significant differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the currently available inhaled corticosteroids warrant careful consideration when used in clinical practice as they may result in differences in efficacy and local and systemic safety profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00074905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]],"date-time":"2006-10-30T19:54:25Z","timestamp":1162238065000},"page":"1042-1050","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Derendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Nave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Drollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cerasoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Wurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101811582430000_28.5.1042.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.210"},{"key":"2024101811582430000_28.5.1042.2","unstructured":"Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R. 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