{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:21:42Z","timestamp":1790266902835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Upregulation of genes for interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 expression, two crucial molecules in sarcoid inflammation and granuloma formation, is directly controlled by the T-helper (Th)1 transcription factor T-bet (T-box, expressed in T-cells). However, there is no information on T-bet expression in sarcoidosis or its relationship with \u201csarcoidosis-associated\u201d genes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Therefore, we investigated expression of T-bet mRNA and, in parallel, a spectrum of genes known to be involved in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. Transcripts were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from 62 sarcoidosis patients and 25 controls by quantitative RT-PCR; T-bet protein was localised by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Patient\u2019s BAL cells expressed higher mRNA T-bet levels than those of controls (mean\u00b1<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>fold change 3.64\u00b11.72; p=0.00006). T-bet mRNA expression did not vary between clinical phenotypes as assessed by chest radiography stage, presence\/absence of L\u00f6fgren's syndrome, extrapulmonary\/pulmonary involvement or progressing\/remitting disease (p&gt;0.05). T-bet mRNA expression correlated with expression of IFN-\u03b3, CC chemokine ligand 5, CXC chemokine ligand (CXC)10, interleukin (IL)-2 receptor\/IL-15 receptor \u03b2, CXCR3 and CXCR6 (p&lt;0.01). T-bet protein was localised to alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes, tissue multinucleated giant cells, macrophages and lymphocytes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In pulmonary sarcoidosis, T-bet upregulation is associated with changes in expression of IFN-\u03b3, CXCR3 and chemokines\/receptors involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, which suggests a role for T-bet in this Th1 disease, including modulation of some sarcoidosis-associated genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00089910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T00:46:18Z","timestamp":1304469978000},"page":"1136-1144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["T-helper cell type-1 transcription factor T-bet is upregulated in pulmonary 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