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A key role in the fine tuning of any T-cell response is provided by the engagement of so-called co-stimulatory molecules that are required for the full activation of T-cells and the recognition of antigens<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>the antigen-specific T-cell receptor. Many of these co-stimulatory molecules have been identified only recently, leading to a fundamental change in the overall understanding of T-cell regulation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Due to their pivotal impact on T-cell differentiation and control, co-stimulatory molecules are promising targets for therapeutic intervention in T-cell-regulated or -mediated immune disorders, including allergic diseases and asthma. In the present article, an attempt is made to summarise the current knowledge on the basic concept of co-stimulation, the presently known co-stimulatory molecules and their various functions on T-cell activation or suppression. The mini-series will be completed by two more articles describing the recent experimental studies and preliminary clinical findings regarding the role of co-stimulatory molecules in allergic disorders and bronchial asthma, and a discussion regarding the feasibility of co-stimulatory molecules as potential targets for the treatment of allergic airway disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Although it is too early for any clinical implication or utilisation at this moment, the authors are convinced that a better understanding of co-stimulation in the context of allergic asthma will finally provide novel and promising approaches for treatment and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00094506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,30]],"date-time":"2007-03-30T21:13:51Z","timestamp":1175289231000},"page":"804-812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Master switches of T-cell activation and differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"K. 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