{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1790850047265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cholinergic nervous system can inhibit the systemic inflammation accompanying sepsis by virtue of a specific action of acetylcholine on \u03b17 cholinergic receptors. The current authors sought to determine the effect of nicotine, an \u03b17 cholinergic receptor agonist, on the host response to pneumonia caused by<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mice were intranasally infected with<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>and treated with nicotine or saline intraperitoneally using a treatment schedule shown to improve host defence against abdominal sepsis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Nicotine treatment was associated with a transiently enhanced growth of<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, as indicated by higher bacterial loads in both lungs and blood at 24\u2005h after infection. At 48\u2005h after infection, bacterial burdens had increased in both treatment groups and differences were no longer present. Remarkably, mice treated with nicotine showed enhanced lung inflammation at 24\u2005h after infection. Moreover, both lung and plasma concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interferon-\u03b3 were higher in nicotine-treated animals at this time-point. Additional studies examining the effect of nicotine on the immediate (4-h) inflammatory response to<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>did not reveal an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine either.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present data suggest that nicotine transiently impairs host defence in pneumococcal pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00103408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,2]],"date-time":"2008-10-02T00:46:26Z","timestamp":1222908386000},"page":"375-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors impairs host defence during pneumococcal pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"I. A. 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