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Altered endocrine function can worsen the clinical manifestations of COPD through several mechanisms, including decreased protein anabolism, increased protein catabolism, nonenzymatic glycosylation and activation of the rennin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Systemic effects of endocrine disorders include abnormalities in control of breathing, decreases in respiratory and limb-muscle mass and function, worsening of respiratory mechanics, impairment of cardiac function and disorders of fluid balance.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Research on endocrine manifestations of COPD embraces techniques of molecular biology, integrative physiology and controlled clinical trials. 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