{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:11:06Z","timestamp":1791144666910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In obese males obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with inflammation and insulin resistance; however, findings are confounded by adipose tissue, a hormone- and cytokine-secreting organ. Our goal was to examine whether in a relatively nonobese population, OSA is associated with sleepiness and inflammation\/insulin resistance, and to assess the effects of a 2-month placebo-controlled continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use.<\/jats:p><jats:p>77 subjects, 38 middle-aged males and post-menopausal females with OSA and 39 male and female controls, were studied in the sleep laboratory for 4 nights. Measures of sleepiness (objective and subjective), performance, serial 24-h blood samples for interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1, leptin and adiponectin, and single samples for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fasting glucose and insulin levels were obtained.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Apnoeic males were significantly sleepier and had significantly higher hsCRP, IL-6, leptin and insulin resistance than controls. Apnoeic females had significantly higher hsCRP; however, objective sleepiness, IL-6, TNFR-1, insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment index), leptin and adiponectin were similar to controls. CPAP improved subjective sleepiness, but no changes were observed in any of the biomarkers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, OSA is associated with sleepiness, inflammation and insulin resistance, even in nonobese males, and this association is stronger in males than in females. Short-term CPAP does not improve the inflammatory\/metabolic aberrations in OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00126712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T04:36:16Z","timestamp":1366346176000},"page":"145-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Sleep apnoea, sleepiness, inflammation and insulin resistance in middle-aged males and females"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ilia","family":"Kritikou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Basta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros 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