{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:38:38Z","timestamp":1777419518469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) pleural disease is complicated by extensive tissue destruction. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -9 are implicated in immunopathology of pulmonary and central nervous system TB. There are few data on MMP activity in TB pleurisy. The present study investigated MMP-1, -2 and -9 and their specific inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2) in tuberculous effusions, and correlated these with clinical and histopathological features.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Clinical data, routine blood tests, and pleural fluid\/biopsy material were obtained from 89 patients presenting with pleural effusions in a TB-endemic area. MMP-1, -2 and -9 were measured by zymography or western blot, and TIMP-1 and -2 by ELISA. Pleural biopsies were examined microscopically, cultured for acid\u2013alcohol fast bacilli and immunostained for MMP-9.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Tuberculous pleural effusions contained the highest concentrations of MMP-9 compared with malignant effusions or heart failure transudates. MMP-9 concentrations were highest in effusions from patients with granulomatous biopsies: median (interquartile range) 108 (61\u2013218)\u2005pg\u00b7mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>43 (12\u201383)\u2005pg\u00b7mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>in those with nongranulomatous pleural biopsies. MMP-1 and -2 were not upregulated in tuberculous pleural fluid. The ratio of MMP-9:TIMP-1 was significantly higher in TB effusions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Tuberculous pleurisy is characterised by a specific pattern of matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation, correlating with the presence of granulomas and suggesting a specific role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in inflammatory responses in tuberculous pleural disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]],"date-time":"2008-08-21T00:14:17Z","timestamp":1219277657000},"page":"134-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["High MMP-9 activity characterises pleural tuberculosis correlating with granuloma formation"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Sheen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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