{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:00:53Z","timestamp":1791810053560,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Short-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory mortality and morbidity have been consistently reported but usually studied separately. To more completely assess air pollution effects, we studied hospitalisations for respiratory diseases together with out-of-hospital respiratory deaths.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A time-stratified case-crossover study was carried out in six Italian cities from 2001 to 2005. Daily particulate matter (particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>)) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) associations with hospitalisations for respiratory diseases (n = 100 690), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 38 577), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among COPD patients (n = 9886) and out-of-hospital respiratory deaths (n = 5490) were estimated for residents aged \u226535 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>For an increase of 10 \u03bcg\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>in PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, we found an immediate 0.59% (lag 0\u20131 days) increase in hospitalisations for respiratory diseases and a 0.67% increase for COPD; the 1.91% increase in LRTI hospitalisations lasted longer (lag 0\u20133 days) and the 3.95% increase in respiratory mortality lasted 6 days. Effects of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>were stronger and lasted longer (lag 0\u20135 days). Age, sex and previous ischaemic heart disease acted as effect modifiers for different outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Analysing multiple rather than single respiratory events shows stronger air pollution effects. The temporal relationship between the pollutant increases and hospitalisations or mortality for respiratory diseases differs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00128712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,12]],"date-time":"2013-01-12T05:41:15Z","timestamp":1357969275000},"page":"304-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Air pollution and multiple acute respiratory 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