{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T03:03:01Z","timestamp":1770433381023,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesised that pentobarbital would improve upper airway mechanics based on an increase in latency to arousal and amplitude of the phasic genioglossus electromyogram (EMG), and a decrease in the active upper airway critical closing pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><jats:p>12 healthy subjects received pentobarbital (100 mg) or placebo in a double-blind, crossover protocol. During wakefulness, we measured the genioglossus reflex response to negative pressure pulses. During sleep, carbon dioxide was insufflated into the inspired air. Airway pressure was then decreased in a stepwise fashion until arousal from sleep.<\/jats:p><jats:p>With basal breathing during sleep: flow rate was lower in volunteers given pentobarbital; end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>concentration and upper airway resistance were greater; and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>was unaffected (pentobarbital mean\u00b1<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>-11.7\u00b14.5<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>placebo -10.25\u00b13.6 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O; p = 0.11). Pentobarbital increased the time to arousal (297\u00b163s<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>232\u00b167 s; p&lt;0.05), at which time phasic genioglossus EMG was higher (6.2\u00b14.8% maximal<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>3.1\u00b13%; p&lt;0.05) as were CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>levels. The increase in genioglossus EMG after CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>administration was greater after pentobarbital<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>placebo. Pentobarbital did not affect the genioglossus negative-pressure reflex.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Pentobarbital increases the time to arousal and stimulates genioglossus muscle activity, but it also increases upper airway resistance during sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00153809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,24]],"date-time":"2009-12-24T02:12:29Z","timestamp":1261620749000},"page":"569-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of pentobarbital on upper airway patency during sleep"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Eikermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.L.","family":"Chamberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zaremba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rosow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","article-title":"The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819c74be"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200307-1023OC"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.02.003"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.8.654","article-title":"Respiratory arousal from sleep: mechanisms and significance","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.039917"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.1.35","article-title":"Efficacy of mirtazapine in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Carley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.9902090","article-title":"Mirtazapine, a mixed-profile serotonin agonist\/antagonist, suppresses sleep apnea in the rat","volume":"160","author":"Carley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00067607"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.4.478","article-title":"Pentobarbital sedation increases genioglossus respiratory activity in sleeping rats","volume":"30","author":"Younes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842205"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.2_Pt_1.445"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9812007"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200203-265OC"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181a16337"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.132332"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01056.2007"},{"key":"2024102020100776000_36.3.569.19","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen A Kales A , eds. 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