{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T03:24:21Z","timestamp":1781148261083,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) increases with age, yet the risk factors for OSA in older people remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study aimed to define the age-related changes in upper airway morphology in carefully matched groups of healthy older (&gt;60 years, n=11) and younger (&lt;40 years, n=14) males, using direct (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) and indirect (acoustic reflection) imaging.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The median (interquartile range) combined retropalatal and retroglossal pharyngeal length was greater in older than in younger males (older 8.8 (7.8\u20139.0) cm, younger 7.8 (7.0\u20138.3) cm; p=0.03), as was the soft palate cross-sectional area (older 43.1 (36.0\u201348.8) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, younger 35.3 (30.5\u201340.5) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; p=0.03), parapharyngeal fat pad diameter (older 1.7 (1.4\u20132.2) cm, younger 1.2 (1.0\u20131.8) cm; p=0.03) and cross-sectional area of the fat pads (older 13.8 (9.1\u201317.1) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; younger 7.4 (5.9\u201313.0) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; p=0.02) as measured by MRI. Using acoustic reflection, pharyngeal calibre (older 4.8 (3.8\u20136.6) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, younger 3.4 (2.8\u20134.6) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; p=0.03), pharyngeal volume (older 35.1 (30.9\u201355.4) cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, younger 27.2 (22.7\u201344.2) cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; p=0.04) and glottis area (older 2.7 (2.1\u20133.9) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, younger 1.3 (1.1\u20131.9) cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; p=0.003) were also larger in older participants compared with younger participants. There was no difference in craniofacial measures between groups, including volumetric data and hyoid bone position.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The larger pharyngeal calibre observed in older males may be compensating for an age-related enlargement in pharyngeal soft tissue that predisposes to OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00177213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T01:47:53Z","timestamp":1400204873000},"page":"685-693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Upper airway factors that protect against obstructive sleep apnoea in healthy older males"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott R.","family":"Carthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Glasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Drivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita K.","family":"Simonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Morrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109080"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00177411"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611203152105"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17100790"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.840"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-866OC"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-008-0191-9"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.01.077"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.4.333"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.10.039"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.13","first-page":"719","article-title":"Pharyngeal size and shape during wakefulness and sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"72","author":"Horner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1394"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.4_Pt_1.846"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09091801"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.890","article-title":"Pharyngeal cross-sectional area in normal men and women","volume":"61","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029314"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.4.345"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10092087"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2112072"},{"key":"2024102022490570000_44.3.685.22","unstructured":"Iber C Ancoli-Israel S Chesson AL . 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