{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:18:24Z","timestamp":1790918304677,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial colonisation of the airways is associated with increased risk of childhood asthma. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E against bacterial antigens has been reported in some asthmatics, suggesting a role for bacterial-specific type-2 immunity in disease pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate relationships between bacterial-specific IgE amongst teenagers and asthma susceptibility.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We measured titres of IgE against<jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>in 1,380 teenagers, and related these to asthma symptomatology and immunophenotypes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>IgE titres against<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>-derived enterotoxins were highest amongst atopics and were associated with asthma risk. Surprisingly, IgE titres against<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>surface antigens were higher, not stratified by atopy and independently associated with decreased asthma risk.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The positive association between type-2 immunity to<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>and asthma phenotypes probably reflects IgE-mediated effector cell activation<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>enterotoxin super antigens which are secreted in soluble form. The contrasting benign nature of type-2 immunity to<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>antigens may reflect their lower availability in soluble forms that can crosslink IgE receptors. We theorise that instead they may be processed by antigen presenting cells and presented to type-2 memory cells leading to mucosal secretion of interleukin (IL)-4\/IL-13, a mechanism widely recognised in other tissues to attenuate T-helper-1 associated bacterial-induced inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00184109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]],"date-time":"2010-01-29T02:53:20Z","timestamp":1264733600000},"page":"509-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Th2-associated immunity to bacteria in teenagers and susceptibility to asthma"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"E.M.","family":"Hollams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.J.","family":"Hales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Huvenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.H.","family":"de Klerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Serralha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.J.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ahlstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.R.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.D.","family":"Sly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.G.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61451-8"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804181105"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02203.x"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421060"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282f4178f"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088868"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(03)70044-X"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70111-9"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.639"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe078119"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1980.tb02019.x","article-title":"IgE antibodies to bacteria in patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"35","author":"Pauwels","year":"1980","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1982.tb01642.x"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03252.x"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91944-H"},{"key":"2024102020121110000_36.3.509.17","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry, 1994 Update. 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