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MPs are small plasma membrane vesicles that can be released by a variety of vascular or blood cells, and contain both membrane and cytosolic elements. Case\u2013control studies have shown that platelet-, endothelium- and leukocyte-derived MP levels are increased in OSA. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that MPs from OSA patients induce endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and vascular hyperreactivity when injected into mice. 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