{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:19:51Z","timestamp":1787019591437,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infection is one of several important causes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that may coexist. COPD is a heterogeneous condition and the incidence of bacterial infection is not uniform; mucus hypersecretion may be an important risk factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The bacteriology of infections varies depending on the severity of the underlying airway disease. There is now a much better understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial infections of the respiratory mucosa. Lower airway bacterial colonization may be a stimulus for chronic inflammation and may influence the interval between exacerbations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic resistance has increased in all the major pathogens. Antibiotics are an important part of the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD and the decision about whether to give an antibiotic can be made on clinical grounds. It is more difficult to decide, on the available evidence, whether patient characteristics and the risk of antibiotic resistance should influence choice of empiric antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Most new antibiotics are modifications of existing structures, suggesting that every effort should be made to conserve the sensitivity of current antibiotics by using them appropriately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17509950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T14:37:23Z","timestamp":1034347043000},"page":"995-1007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Bacteria, antibiotics and COPD"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081333"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09071523"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530230038027"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2_Supplement.53S"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00717-6","volume":"11","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)88310-1"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.7","first-page":"23","volume":"11","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.8","first-page":"189","volume":"24","year":"1995","journal-title":"La Presse Medicale"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.758"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10019-3"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402503"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.4.287"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)03471-5"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402502"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.4.1067"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520360071042"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-196"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.2.205"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.4.501"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.4.772"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederman M, Church D, Kaufmann J, Springsklee M. Does appropriate antibiotic treatment influence outcome in community-acquired pneumonia? Respir Med 2000; 94: Suppl. A, A14.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(00)90211-7"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.0150082","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.18070"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.24","unstructured":"Ball P, Wilson R, Mandell L, File T, Kirsch J, Henkel T, Gemifloxacin long-term outcomes in bronchitis exacerbations (GLOBE) study \u2013 an assessment of health outcome benefits in AECB patients following five days gemifloxacin therapy. Presented at ICAAC 2000 (Toronto) abstract 812."},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.4.7551388"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.26","first-page":"976","volume":"105","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.5.1004"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.28","first-page":"730","volume":"90","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.29","first-page":"1156","volume":"I","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(80)90048-0"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.3.512"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5677.187"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02714020","volume":"156","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.6.1542"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.1.40"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.5.9711044"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9707010"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13b20.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13b21.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9709027"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.7"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.11"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15b09.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.45.4.276"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.45","first-page":"L413","volume":"264","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149109063278"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/4.1.26"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114492"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.13.6.7576710"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111050"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.0150014"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115738"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.53","first-page":"148S","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514119"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.0150041"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08091451"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c11.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118275"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.1999.00004.x","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell microbio"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.60","first-page":"950","volume":"19","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c08.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00010-6"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.63","first-page":"465","volume":"113","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am Rev Resp Dis"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.64","first-page":"272","volume":"70","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Resp Dis"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.1.120"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.7.601"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10051137"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314870"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.14510159"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.25-30.2000"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10102319"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13b02.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.73","first-page":"A815","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.74","first-page":"A815","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.75","first-page":"A822","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.97-05009"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.6.1273"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514953"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1086\/513628","volume":"24","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00195-8"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2884"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(96)00012-0"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00032-6"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410403"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.85","first-page":"389","volume":"313","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2736"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9808049"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.223"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1086\/520209","volume":"29","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.5.557"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13e15.x"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.92","first-page":"61","volume":"88","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09081590"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.1.131"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.95","first-page":"719","volume":"47","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081398"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.97","first-page":"S77","volume":"152","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11040986"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.99","first-page":"391","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2008.S1"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.101","first-page":"5","volume":"151","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.102","first-page":"29","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Progress"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.103","first-page":"3","volume":"1","year":"1997","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Infectologia"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.104","first-page":"103","volume":"3","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Contemp Pharmacother"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.105","first-page":"303s","volume":"12","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.0150071","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.3.249"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.662"},{"key":"2024101808453208000_17.5.995.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.suppl_1.107"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.01.17509950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T01:13:53Z","timestamp":1740359633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.01.17509950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/09031936.01.17509950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.01.17509950","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]}}}