{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:38:08Z","timestamp":1791297488255,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is consistency in the findings that relate the acute increases in urban air pollution (mainly the particulate matter) and the short-term health effects (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>mortality and hospital admissions) on patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Beyond the acute effects, a relevant public health and scientific question is to what extent chronic exposure to air pollution is related with lung function impairment and development of COPD.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The few cross-sectional studies showed an increase of self-reported diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, breathlessness and mucus hypersecretion and lower levels of lung function in the more polluted areas. The two cohort studies in children have found a retardation of pulmonary function growth, and the only cohort in adults a faster decline of lung function.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Given the intrinsic limitations of cross-sectional studies to separate the timing between exposure and effects, and the weaknesses of the cohorts (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>few areas, short follow-up, only one retest, lack of individual weighting of air pollution measure) there is a need for new prospective studies. These should be performed in a large number of geographical areas and with a long follow-up to asses the impact of long-term air pollution on lung function growth and decline, and on incidence, duration, severity and survival of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17510240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T18:37:23Z","timestamp":1034361443000},"page":"1024-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101808424729000_17.5.1024.1","first-page":"336","volume":"1","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024101808424729000_17.5.1024.2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 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