{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:51:54Z","timestamp":1779317514239,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To maintain arterial oxygen saturation (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>) above 90% in patients with acute respiratory failure, oxygen (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) is often added to the circuit of two-level noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). However, the final inspiratory oxygen fraction (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>) is not known.<\/jats:p><jats:p>To clarify this issue, the effect of different inspiratory positive airway pressures (IPAP) of the oxygen tubing connection site and the flow rate of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, on<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>was assessed. The effects of the tidal volume (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>) and the respiratory rate on the<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>were then clarified in a model study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>varied depending on the point where O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was added to the circuit. When all other variables were constant, the connection closest to the exhaust port (ventilator side) gave the highest<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>. Increases in IPAP led to decreases in<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>. Finally,<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>increased with O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>flow, although it was difficult to obtain an<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>&gt;0.30 unless very high O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>flows were used. Paradoxically, NPPV with low IPAP values and without O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>supplementation led to a<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>&lt;0.21 at the circuit-patient interface.<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>and respiratory rate did not appear to influence<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i,O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>To conclude, when using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with two-level respirators, oxygen should be added close to the exhaust port (ventilator side) of the circuit. If inspiratory airway pressure levels are &gt;12\u2005cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, oxygen flows should be at least 4\u2005L\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00263102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:37:15Z","timestamp":1027773435000},"page":"653-657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Determinants of<i>F<\/i><sub>i,O<sub>2<\/sub><\/sub>with oxygen supplementation during noninvasive two-level positive pressure ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Thys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Liistro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Dozin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Marion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.O.","family":"Rodenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-9-199405010-00008","volume":"120","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1994.3.1.6","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.2.441"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.3.907"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1533"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70330-0"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.2.445"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09061240"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90696-E"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70321-9","volume":"27","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.6.1636"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.12","first-page":"207","volume":"6","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.13","first-page":"1126","volume":"151","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101809105275000_19.4.653.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.3.772"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.02.00263102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:14:29Z","timestamp":1740377669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.02.00263102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/09031936.02.00263102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.02.00263102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}