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The necessity for a compulsive attitude toward preoperative assessment is therefore to be emphasized.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Approximately 45% of all lung cancers are limited to the chest, where surgical resection is the most effective method of controlling the disease. Patients with tumour (T) 1, node (N) 0 and T2N0 tumours have early lung cancer, and most are curable by resection, with 5\u2010yr survival rates in the range 75\u201380% for patients with T1N0 status. The \u201cgold standard\u201d of surgery remains lobectomy. Stage T1N1 and T2N1 carcinomas represent a group of patients in whom the disease involves hilar and bronchopulmonary nodes. This group is best treated by complete resection and mediastinal lymphadenectomy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Survival data following surgical resection of T3 tumours clearly show better survival in patients with T3N0 disease than in those with T3N1\u20132 disease. Five-year survival rates for completely resected T3N0 lesions are in the range 30\u201350%. Once N1 disease is present, survival decreases to 15\u201320%. Incomplete resections fail to cure and surgery is not indicated if N2 disease is documented preoperatively. On occasion, T4 tumours involving the carina or vertebral body can be completely resected but T4N1\u20132 lesions are virtually incurable by surgery.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The presence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2\/N3 disease) is an ominous prognostic sign and stage III\u2010b disease, by virtue of metastatic contralateral nodes, is an absolute contraindication to surgical resection. 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