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A total of 11,094 (response rate 83%) children participated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Among children with wheeze in the last year, 36% had used bronchodilators and 19% were on regular anti-inflammatory treatment. The strongest determinant of treatment was a physician's diagnosis of asthma. Forty-seven per cent of the children with current wheeze had not been diagnosed as asthmatics and received hardly any treatment (9% bronchodilators and 2% anti-inflammatory drugs), despite an increased prevalence of severe asthma symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopic sensitisation compared with children without asthma symptoms. The proportion of children regularly using inhaled steroids was small (6%) among current wheezers and reached only 21% among children with diagnosed asthma and &gt;12 wheezing attacks in the last year. Inhaled steroid use was lower in Munich than in Dresden and inversely related to the use of alternative remedies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Further efforts to improve the diagnosis and treatment of childhood asthma are needed. 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