{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1778261310297,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sputum induction is a simple and noninvasive procedure for<jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>pneumonia (PCP) diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-1-positive patients, although less sensitive than bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In order to obtain an overview of the diagnostic accuracy of sputum induction, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the comparative sensitivity and specificity of BAL (the \u201cgold standard\u201d) and sputum induction was performed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The odds ratio and related 95% confidence interval were calculated using summary receiving operating characteristic curves as well as fixed-effect and random-effect models. Based on pooled data, the negative and positive predictive values were calculated for a range of PCP prevalence using a Bayesian approach.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Seven prospective studies assessed the comparative accuracy of BAL and sputum induction. On the whole, sputum induction demonstrated 55.5% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity. The sensitivity of sputum induction was significantly higher with immunofluorescence than with cytochemical staining (67.1<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>43.1%). In settings of 25\u201360% prevalence of PCP, the positive and negative predictive values ranged 86\u201396.7 and 66.2\u201389.8, respectively, with immunofluorescence, and 79\u201394.4 and 53\u201383.5% with cytochemical staining.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, in a setting of low prevalence of<jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>pneumonia, sputum induction, particularly with immunostaining, appears to be adequate for clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.01372002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,27]],"date-time":"2002-09-27T20:21:23Z","timestamp":1033158083000},"page":"982-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for<i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Cruciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Marcati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Malena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Serpelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mengoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.1","first-page":"796","volume":"338","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199802000-00005"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200106010-00009"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462011923480"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00008"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200105010-00006","volume":"27","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319866"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9906072"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313950"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101183440302"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.11","first-page":"70","volume":"12","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"2024101809524169000_20.4.982.12","unstructured":"Walzer PD. 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