{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1774565855372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors have demonstrated previously that emphysema and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) resulted in a significant shift of type IIx\/b to type IIa fibres in the diaphragm of hamsters with elastase-induced emphysema. To explore the mechanisms leading to this fibre switching, the mRNA expression of the myogenic regulatory factors, the inhibitors of DNA binding proteins (Id-proteins) and insulin-like growth factor-I were examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the diaphragm of control, emphysematous, emphysematous and sham operated and LVRS hamsters and subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Compared to control, the ratio MyoD to myogenin declined with emphysema, sham and even more after LVRS, due to a decrease in MyoD mRNA and an increase in myogenin mRNA. Similarly, compared to control, Id-1 protein mRNA levels decreased significantly in sham and even more in LVRS. Id-2 protein mRNA levels decreased in all groups, but reached statistical significance in LVRS only, compared to control.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion: 1) the reduced MyoD\/myogenin ratio may be the mechanism of the shift to a slower fibre type, 2) the decreased MyoD\/myogenin ratio in lung volume reduction surgery animals suggests that lung volume reduction surgery enhances rather than decreases the load placed on the diaphragm and 3) the observed down-regulation of the inhibiting factors may facilitate the diaphragm adaptation to overload.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.02312001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T18:37:23Z","timestamp":1034361443000},"page":"1064-1071","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alterations in gene expression in hamster diaphragm after emphysema and lung volume reduction 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