{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:43:18Z","timestamp":1768009398845,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of allergic rhinitis, a common respiratory disorder, may be rapidly increasing. Epidemiological studies, however, indicate little about its association with climatic factors and air pollution. The relationship between traffic-related air pollutants and allergic rhinitis in middle-school students was therefore investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In a nationwide survey of middle-school students in Taiwan conducted in 1995\/1996, the lifetime prevalence of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis and typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis were compared with air-monitoring station data on temperature, relative humidity, sulphur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10\u2005\u00b5m (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><jats:p>A total of 331,686 nonsmoking children attended schools located within 2\u2005km of 55 stations. Mean (range) annual exposures were: CO 853 (381\u20131,610) parts per billion (ppb), NOx 35.1 (10.2\u201372.4) ppb, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>7.57 (0.88\u201321.2) ppb, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>69.2 (40.1\u2013116.2) \u00b5g\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>21.3 (12.4\u201334.1) ppb, temperature 22.9 (19.6\u201325.1)\u00b0C, and relative humidity 76.2 (64.8\u201386.2)%. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis was 28.6 and 19.5% in males and females, respectively, with prevalence of questionnaire-determined allergic rhinitis 42.4 and 34.0%. After adjustment for age, parental education and history of atopic eczema, physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis was found to be associated with higher nonsummer (September\u2013May) warmth and traffic-related air pollutants, including CO, NOx and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Questionnaire-determined allergic rhinitis correlated only with traffic-related air pollutants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Nonsummer warmth and traffic-related air pollution, probably mediated through exposure to common allergens such as dust mites, are possible risk factors for allergic rhinitis in middle-school-aged children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00094602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,19]],"date-time":"2008-09-19T17:25:02Z","timestamp":1221845102000},"page":"964-970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Climate, traffic-related air pollutants and allergic rhinitis prevalence in middle-school children in 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