{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:14:34Z","timestamp":1777526074514,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the local immune response, the cellular infiltrate and cytokine levels were analysed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. The group consisted of 19 patients aged 34\u201365\u2005yrs. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of the fungus in the sputum or BAL fluid and by serological tests.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Cytospin preparations showed an increased number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in BAL. A higher number of CD8+ lymphocytes were observed in BAL compared with peripheral blood. Alveolar macrophages (AM) expressed approximately three-fold more major histocompatibility class II, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and B7-2 molecules on their surfaces than their circulating counterparts, indicating that they had differentiated into activated macrophages inside the lungs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Cultured AM produced higher levels of interleukin (IL)\u20106, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)\u20101\u03b1 than peripheral blood monocytes. BAL fluid contained low but detectable amounts of IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1 and MIP\u20101\u03b1, and specific antibodies to<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>, mainly of the immunoglobulin G<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>isotype.<\/jats:p><jats:p>As macrophage inflammatory protein\u20101\u03b1 was shown to selectively attract CD8+ T\u2010cells and this population was elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage, the data suggest that, besides macrophages, CD8+ T\u2010cells may have an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00110202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,19]],"date-time":"2008-09-19T17:25:02Z","timestamp":1221845102000},"page":"895-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of bronchoalveolar cells in pulmonary 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