{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:59:32Z","timestamp":1792519172902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fashions in ideas, like clothes, come and go. From approximately 1950\u20131980, physiological research was seen as the key discipline in understanding lung disease and was at the cutting edge of pulmonary science. Subsequently, its importance has been down played amid a widely accepted but unfounded assumption that we now have a perfect working understanding of the physiological behaviour of the respiratory system in health and disease. Although it seems improbable that completely new disciplines within respiratory physiology will emerge with fundamentally different ways of describing the mechanical or gas exchanging function of the lung, advances in computing and new observations in disease have highlighted previously unsuspected physiological abnormalities that have changed the way we view lung disease and the interface between disordered lung mechanics, symptomatology and disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This is especially true for the two related physiological concepts of expiratory flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation, which are now being taken from the physiological laboratory to the bedside with dramatic effect. Each arises from well-established theoretical and practical observations first made 40\u2005yrs ago and now adapted to a range of settings, particularly in the field of obstructive lung disease. This review focuses on how these conditions are defined and assessed and what evidence there is that they might be important in lung disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00113204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,7]],"date-time":"2005-01-07T11:19:05Z","timestamp":1105096745000},"page":"186-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"P. M. A.","family":"Calverley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. G.","family":"Koulouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.1","unstructured":"Pride NB. Tests of forced expiration and inspiration. In: Hughes JMB, Pride NB, eds. Lung Function Tests: Physiological Principles and Clinical Applications. London, WB Saunders, 1999: pp.\u20053\u201325."},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.2","first-page":"23","volume":"77","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scan J Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.3","first-page":"676","volume":"83","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.4","first-page":"166","volume":"126","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.4.912","volume":"135","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-120030414","volume":"1","year":"2004","journal-title":"COPD: J Chron Obstruc Pulm Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.9904109"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200209000-00001"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00776.2001"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1953.5.12.779","volume":"5","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.3.721","volume":"82","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.6.1821","volume":"21","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.49.3.511","volume":"49","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.6.1773","volume":"57","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1155","volume":"75","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.6.7952618","volume":"150","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10102366"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.5.1043","volume":"47","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.336084"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.41.2.153","volume":"41","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306029","volume":"149","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08020306"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7952558","volume":"150","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.3.723","volume":"82","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.25","first-page":"17260","volume":"154","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9807135","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.27","first-page":"A410","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00113003"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.5.1248"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200012000-00015"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1625"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00479.x"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.4.1017"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.3.969","volume":"87","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14a31.x"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.5.423"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.1.98"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10233"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00003-8"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.02262001"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324438","volume":"14","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.99"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12040799"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.3.9609083","volume":"156","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/9031936.99.14224599"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.14613269"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.6.528"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.9.713"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16b14.x"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00057801"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.2.693","volume":"80","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199803)25:3<213::AID-PPUL12>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00220702"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00301103"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1236","volume":"85","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.5.1401"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00627-0"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9116983","volume":"155","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.133"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.5.1762"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011492710070"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.62","first-page":"20","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir Mon"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.5.1377"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2004150","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00217602"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellaca RL. Measurement of respiratory system impedances. In: Aliverti A, Brusasco V, Macklem PT, Pedotti A, eds. Mechanics of Breathing. Milan, Springer, 2002;pp.\u2005157\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-2916-3_13"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1977.43.3.498","volume":"43","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00046804"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.4_Pt_1.1037","volume":"148","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10030522","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pride NB, Milic-Emili J. Lung mechanics. In: Calverley PMA, Pride NB, eds. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. London, Edward Arnold, 1995; pp.\u200569\u201392.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4525-9_5"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.5_Pt_1.1194","volume":"141","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.3.8630581","volume":"153","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2012122"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9804004"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.1.9608113"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1351"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.960"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.1.9903010","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9901017","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200302-162OC"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001298"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00072703"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00116004"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.708","volume":"121","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest JID - 0231335"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1042"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9901038"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2201003"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2007026","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.1.18"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.014209"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01207.2003"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2003172","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.94","first-page":"45","volume":"54","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand J Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.95","first-page":"816","volume":"131","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.96","first-page":"33","volume":"129","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1256","volume":"83","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200109000-00026"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00393.2000"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.9903024"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.011494"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6.2009"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.459"},{"key":"2024101811065459000_25.1.186.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-1996-4107","volume":"4","year":"1996","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.04.00113204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:48:59Z","timestamp":1740358139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.04.00113204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/09031936.04.00113204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.04.00113204","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}