{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:13:00Z","timestamp":1779937980998,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 is associated with childhood wheezing. A genetic predisposition to increased TNF-\u03b1 production, influenced by single nucleotide gene polymorphisms, may be important.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Frequencies of TNF-\u03b1-308G\/A and lymphotoxin (LT)-\u03b1+252G\/A polymorphisms were compared in 115 asthmatic children, 55 wheezy infants and 156 control school children from the UK. Genotype frequencies for the TNF-\u03b1-308 and LT-\u03b1+252 polymorphisms were significantly different from controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Haplotype analysis showed that TNF-\u03b1-308G, LT-\u03b1+252A\/TNF-\u03b1-308A, LT-\u03b1+252A was associated with a markedly increased risk for both asthma and infant wheezing. The TNF-\u03b1-308G, LT-\u03b1+252G\/TNF-\u03b1-308G, LT-\u03b1+252A combination was protective for asthma and infant wheezing. These findings were confirmed by analysis of Caucasian data. Nasal TNF-\u03b1 levels were measured in the infants during acute wheezing episodes and higher, but nonsignificant levels were produced in those with one or two LT-\u03b1+252A alleles. Unexpectedly, significantly lower nasal TNF-\u03b1 levels were found in the presence of one or two TNF-\u03b1-308A alleles. TNF-\u03b1-308\/LT-\u03b1+252 genotype combinations had a significant influence on nasal TNF-\u03b1 levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, these findings may have implications for future early intervention studies by helping to identify infants at increased risk for wheezing and childhood asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00071104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T19:42:40Z","timestamp":1128454960000},"page":"637-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Tumour necrosis factor gene polymorphisms and childhood wheezing"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Bilolikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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