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However, it has long been acknowledged that microorganisms could be identified in distal airway secretions from patients with various respiratory diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and other chronic airway diseases (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>post-transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans). These microorganisms were sometimes considered as infectious agents that triggered host immune responses and contributed to disease onset and\/or progression; alternatively, microorganisms were often considered as colonisers, which were considered unlikely to play roles in disease pathophysiology. These concepts were developed at a time when the identification of microorganisms relied on culture-based methods. Importantly, the majority of microorganisms cannot be cultured using conventional methods, and the use of novel culture-independent methods that rely on the identification of microorganism genomes has revealed that healthy distal airways display a complex flora called the airway microbiota. The present article reviews some aspects of current literature on host\u2013microbe (mostly bacteria and viruses) interactions in healthy and diseased airways, with a special focus on distal airways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00011614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T01:13:27Z","timestamp":1425172407000},"page":"78-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Host\u2013microbe interactions in distal airways: relevance to chronic airway 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