{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T01:11:13Z","timestamp":1794186673009,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"STOP TB Partnership"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only the tuberculin skin test (TST) and two interferon-\u03b3 release assays (IGRAs), QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB, are currently endorsed by the World Health Organization as tests for tuberculosis (TB) infection. While IGRAs are more specific than the TST, they require sophisticated laboratory infrastructure and are costly to perform. However, both types of tests have limited performance to predict development of active TB. Tests with improved predictive performance and operational characteristics are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed the current landscape of tests for TB infection identified through a web-based survey targeting diagnostic manufacturers globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 20 tests for TB infection: 15\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests and five skin tests. 13 of the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests are whole-blood IGRAs and 14 use early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10), with or without additional antigens. 10 of the tests are based on assays other than an ELISA, such as a fluorescent lateral flow assay that requires less manual operation and shorter assay time and hence is more suitable for decentralisation compared with the existing IGRAs. Four of the five skin tests use ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins, while the remaining test uses a new antigen that is specific to\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New tests have the potential to improve accuracy, operational characteristics and end-user access to tests for TB infection. However, published data in various populations and settings are limited for most new tests. Evaluation of these new tests in a standardised design would facilitate their endorsement and programmatic scale-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00167-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T12:39:17Z","timestamp":1618835957000},"page":"2100167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Tests for tuberculosis infection: landscape analysis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9845-4267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohhei","family":"Hamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Maria","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Matteelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Penn-Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molebogeng X.","family":"Rangaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Ruhwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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The global plan to end TB 2018\u20132022. 2019. www.stoptb.org\/assets\/documents\/global\/plan\/GPR_2018-2022_Digital.pdf Date last accessed: 17 April 2021."},{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000391023.03037.1f"},{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.6","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global consultation on the programmatic management of latent tuberculosis infection. 2017. www.who.int\/tb\/challenges\/consultation_meeting_ltbi\/en Date last accessed: 17 April 2021."},{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6824a4","article-title":"Nationwide shortage of tuberculin skin test antigens: CDC recommendations for patient care and public health practice","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70210-9"},{"key":"2024102102263002000_58.5.2100167.9","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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