{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:59:44Z","timestamp":1789664384744,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"The National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2013ZX10003004-002, 2014ZX10003001-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013ZX10003004-002, 2014ZX10003001-001"]}]},{"name":"the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China","award":["IRT13007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT13007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prospective population data on the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) infection has been sparsely reported in the global literature.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A population-based prospective study was conducted in rural China to investigate the annual risk of TB infection, and its persistence using serial tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and an interferon-\u03b3 release assay. In total, 13\u200a580 eligible participants from four rural sites, identified as TST negative (&lt;10\u2005mm) or QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) (an interferon-\u03b3 release assay) negative from a baseline survey, were included in the first year's follow-up examination.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The annual conversion rate of QFT among the study sites ranged between 2.1% and 4.9% (average 3.1%), and the incidence of TST conversion ranged between 6.0% and 31.1% (average 14.5%). During the second year's follow-up, infection persistence was investigated using 390 subjects with QFT conversions. Among them, 49.7% (164 out of 330) were found to be consistently QFT positive. Both the conversion and the persistence of QFT positivity were found to be significantly increased with increasing age.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, the annual TB infection rate was suggested to be \u223c1.5% based on persistent positive results after QFT conversion in rural China. Therefore, infection control among those high-risk populations, including the elderly, should be prioritised for TB control in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00235-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T03:59:06Z","timestamp":1464321546000},"page":"168-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Annual risk of tuberculosis infection in rural China: a population-based prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouguo","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Catanzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongde","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mufei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boxuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianzhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir951"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1200894"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01751.x"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection. Geneva, WHO, 2014."},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"49","author":"National Tuberculosis Controllers Association","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.6","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK), Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE (UK). Tuberculosis: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and Measures for Its Prevention and Control. London, NICE, 2011."},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2014. Geneva, WHO, 2014."},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00214014"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00198813"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71085-0"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated guidelines for using interferon gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection \u2013 United States, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Mazurek","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.12","unstructured":"Cheng SM , Wang G , Wang LX . Guidance of Tuberculin Skin Test. Beijing, People's Medical Publishing House, 2014."},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-472OC"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.14","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of China. Administrative Measures for Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis. www.moh.gov.cn\/mohzcfgs\/s3576\/201303\/727b973d5ee4403ead07e1a2a22928f6.shtml Date last updated: 2013."},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00103804"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.16","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Tuberculosis epidemiology in India: a review","volume":"9","author":"Chadha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.17","first-page":"718","article-title":"Risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Malawi: national tuberculin survey 1994","volume":"8","author":"Salaniponi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.18","first-page":"294","article-title":"Trend in the annual risk of tuberculous infection in Egypt, 1950\u20131996","volume":"3","author":"Ibiary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02213.x"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.20","first-page":"867","article-title":"Evaluation of the risks for tuberculosis infection and transmission","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Public Health"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.1.24"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9801120"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0341-4"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62639-2"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60727-2"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-378OC"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201305-0831OC"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-220"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01245-2015"},{"key":"2024102100040707000_48.1.168.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02033-2015"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.00235-2016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:34:38Z","timestamp":1740378878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.00235-2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.00235-2016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00235-2016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]}}}