{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:20:19Z","timestamp":1787019619069,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF17OC0027812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#4978\/RFA20-1B\/20-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#4978\/RFA20-1B\/20-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early ecological studies have suggested links between air pollution and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but evidence from individual-level cohort studies is still sparse. We examined whether long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with risk of COVID-19 and who is most susceptible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We followed 3\u2009721\u2009810 Danish residents aged \u226530\u2005years on 1 March 2020 in the National COVID-19 Surveillance System until the date of first positive test (incidence), COVID-19 hospitalisation or death until 26 April 2021. We estimated residential annual mean particulate matter with diameter \u22642.5\u2005\u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) in 2019 by the Danish DEHM\/UBM model, and used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the associations of air pollutants with COVID-19 outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, individual- and area-level socioeconomic status, and population density.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      138\u2009742 individuals were infected, 11\u2009270 were hospitalised and 2557 died from COVID-19 during 14\u2005months. We detected associations of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (per 0.53\u2005\u03bcg\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (per 3.59\u2005\u03bcg\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) with COVID-19 incidence (hazard ratio (HR) 1.10 (95% CI 1.05\u20131.14) and HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.14\u20131.23), respectively), hospitalisations (HR 1.09 (95% CI 1.01\u20131.17) and HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.12\u20131.27), respectively) and death (HR 1.23 (95% CI 1.04\u20131.44) and HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03\u20131.34), respectively), which were strongest in the lowest socioeconomic groups and among patients with chronic respiratory, cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. We found positive associations with BC and negative associations with O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution may contribute to increased risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as well as developing severe COVID-19 disease requiring hospitalisation or resulting in death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00280-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T04:40:32Z","timestamp":1687322432000},"page":"2300280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation or death: Danish nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette T.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laust H.","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cole-Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Westendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theis","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"K\u00f8lsen-Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorana Jovanovic","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102103151621000_62.1.2300280.1","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute . 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