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Our goal was to examine whether in a relatively nonobese population, OSA is associated with elevated cortisol levels and to assess the effects of a 2-month placebo-controlled continuous positive airway pressure (sham-CPAP) use.<\/jats:p><jats:p>72 subjects (35 middle-aged males and post-menopausal females with OSA, and 37 male and female controls) were studied in the sleep laboratory for four nights. 24-h blood sampling was performed every hour on the fourth day and night in the sleep laboratory at baseline, after sham-CPAP and after CPAP treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In both apnoeic men and women, OSA was associated with significantly higher 24-h cortisol levels compared with controls, whereas CPAP lowered cortisol levels significantly, close to those of controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These results suggest that OSA in nonobese men and slightly obese women is associated with HPA axis activation, similar albeit stronger compared with obese individuals with sleep apnoea. Short-term CPAP use decreased cortisol levels significantly compared with baseline, indicating that CPAP may have a protective effect against comorbidities frequently associated with chronic activation of the HPA axis,<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00319-2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]],"date-time":"2015-11-06T18:58:32Z","timestamp":1446836312000},"page":"531-540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Sleep apnoea and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in men and women: effects of continuous positive airway 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