{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:49:42Z","timestamp":1790794182233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lung Association","award":["Grant-in-Aid Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-in-Aid Program"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005834","name":"Francis Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Parker B Francis Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Parker B Francis Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bronchial thermoplasty is a mechanical therapeutic intervention that has been advocated as an effective treatment option for severe asthma. The mechanism is promoted as being related to the attenuation of airway smooth muscle which has been shown to occur in the short-term. However, long-term studies of the effects of bronchial thermoplasty on airway remodelling are few, with only limited assessment of airway remodelling indices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effect of bronchial thermoplasty on 1) airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells in culture and 2) airway remodelling in patients with severe asthma who have been prescribed bronchial thermoplasty up to 12\u2005months post-treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The distribution of heat within the airway by bronchial thermoplasty was assessed in a porcine model. Culture of human airway smooth muscle cells and bronchial epithelial cells evaluated the impact of thermal injury. Histological evaluation and morphometric assessment were performed on bronchial biopsies obtained from severe asthma patients at baseline, 6\u2005weeks and 12\u2005months following bronchial thermoplasty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bronchial thermoplasty resulted in heterogeneous heating of the airway wall. Airway smooth muscle cell cultures sustained thermal injury, whilst bronchial epithelial cells were relatively resistant to heat. Airway smooth muscle and neural bundles were significantly reduced at 6\u2005weeks and 12\u2005months post-treatment. At 6 weeks post-treatment, submucosal collagen was reduced and vessel density increased, with both indices returning to baseline at 12\u2005months. Goblet cell numbers, submucosal gland area and sub-basement membrane thickness were not significantly altered at any time point examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bronchial thermoplasty primarily affects airway smooth muscle and nerves with the effects still present at 12\u2005months post-treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00622-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T15:18:12Z","timestamp":1622215092000},"page":"2100622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Long-term modulation of airway remodelling in severe asthma following bronchial thermoplasty"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4342-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jendzjowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Malig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Matyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"de Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Dumonceaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Dumoulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03965.x"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.042"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.011"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200209-1030OC"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00181608"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200609-1260OC"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.04.047"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.08.1917","article-title":"The role of airway myofibroblasts in asthma","volume":"156","author":"Jendzjowsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00054604"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.08.009"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.11","first-page":"1612","article-title":"Effects of bronchial thermoplasty on airway smooth muscle and collagen deposition in asthma","volume":"12","author":"Chakir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201502-082OC"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.03.005","article-title":"Effect of bronchial thermoplasty on structural changes and inflammatory mediators in the airways of subjects with severe asthma","volume":"150","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1374LE","article-title":"Reduction of airway smooth muscle mass by bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe asthma","volume":"190","author":"Pretolani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102301193000_59.1.2100622.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201911-2298OC","article-title":"Bronchial thermoplasty induced airway smooth muscle reduction and clinical response in severe asthma. 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