{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1790364260092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine the associations of childhood wheezing phenotypes with asthma, lung function and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>eNO<\/jats:sub>) in adolescence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In a population-based, prospective cohort study of 6841 children, we used latent class analysis to identify wheezing phenotypes during the first 7\u2005years of life. Physician-diagnosed asthma, spirometry and<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>eNO<\/jats:sub>were assessed at 14\u201315\u2005years<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Compared with never\/infrequent wheeze, intermediate-onset and persistent wheeze were consistently strongest associated with higher risk of asthma (risk ratio (95% CI) 10.9 (8.97\u201313.16) and 9.13 (7.74\u201310.77), respectively), lower forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>)\/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (mean difference in standard deviation units (SDU) (95% CI) \u22120.34 (\u22120.54\u2013\u200a\u22120.14) and \u22120.50 (\u22120.62\u2013\u200a\u22120.38), respectively), lower forced expiratory flow at 25\u201375% of FVC (FEF<jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>) (mean difference in SDU (95% CI) \u22120.30 (\u22120.49\u2013\u200a\u22120.10) and \u22120.42 (\u22120.54\u2013\u200a\u22120.30), respectively) and increased FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>bronchodilator reversibility (mean difference in SDU (95% CI) 0.12 (0.02\u20130.22) and 0.13 (0.06\u20130.19), respectively). Prolonged early and persistent wheeze were associated with a decline in FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC ratio and FEF<jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>between 8\u20139 and 14\u201315\u2005years. Intermediate-onset, late-onset and persistent wheeze were associated with higher<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>eNO<\/jats:sub>ratios (ratio of geometric means (95% CI) 1.90 (1.59\u20132.29), 1.57 (1.39\u20131.77) and 1.37 (1.22\u20131.53), respectively, compared with never\/infrequent wheeze).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Early-onset wheezing phenotypes persisting after 18\u2005months of age show the strongest associations with asthma, lower lung function, even worsening from mid-childhood, and higher<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>eNO<\/jats:sub>levels in adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00718-2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T18:15:16Z","timestamp":1449684916000},"page":"510-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Childhood wheezing phenotypes influence asthma, lung function and exhaled nitric oxide fraction in adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Duijts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Granell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.C.","family":"Sterne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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