{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:16:54Z","timestamp":1792448214975,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEATPCD BM1407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEATPCD BM1407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a heterogeneous genetic condition. European and North American diagnostic guidelines recommend transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as one of a combination of tests to confirm a diagnosis. However, there is no definition of what constitutes a defect or consensus on reporting terminology. The aim of this project was to provide an internationally agreed ultrastructural classification for PCD diagnosis by TEM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A consensus guideline was developed by PCD electron microscopy experts representing 18 centres in 14 countries. An initial meeting and discussion were followed by a Delphi consensus process. The agreed guideline was then tested, modified and retested through exchange of samples and electron micrographs between the 18 diagnostic centres.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The final guideline a) provides agreed terminology and a definition of Class 1 defects which are diagnostic for PCD; b) identifies Class 2 defects which can indicate a diagnosis of PCD in combination with other supporting evidence; c) describes features which should be included in a ciliary ultrastructure report to assist multidisciplinary diagnosis of PCD; and d) defines adequacy of a diagnostic sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This tested and externally validated statement provides a clear guideline for the diagnosis of PCD by TEM which can be used to standardise diagnosis 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