{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:58:01Z","timestamp":1788508681216,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Increased levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) are associated with cachexia, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The role of GDF15 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study included 413 patients with COPD from the Bergen COPD Cohort Study. All patients had a forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s (FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) &lt;80% predicted, a FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio &lt;0.7 and a history of smoking. Spirometry, fat free mass index, blood gases and plasma GDF15 were measured at baseline. Patients were followed for 3\u2005years regarding exacerbations and changes in lung function, and 9\u2005years for mortality. Yearly exacerbation rate, survival and yearly change in FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/FVC were evaluated with regression models.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Median plasma GDF15 was 0.86\u2005ng\u00b7mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (interquartile range 0.64\u20131.12\u2005ng\u00b7mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The distribution was not normal and GDF15 was analysed as a categorical variable. High levels of GDF15 were associated with a higher exacerbation rate (incidence rate ratio 1.39, 95% CI 1.1\u20131.74, p=0.006, adjusted values). Furthermore, high levels of GDF15 were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.4\u20133.1, p&lt;0.001) and an increased decline in both FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (4.29%\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    3.25%) and FVC (2.63%\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    1.44%) in comparison to low levels (p&lt;0.01 for both).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In patients with COPD, high levels of GDF15 were independently associated with a higher yearly rate of exacerbations, higher mortality and increased decline in both FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and FVC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01298-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T21:20:24Z","timestamp":1489612824000},"page":"1601298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Growth differentiation factor-15 is a predictor of important disease outcomes in patients with COPD"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar R.","family":"Huseb\u00f8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Gr\u00f8nseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeno","family":"Gyuris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon\u00a0A.","family":"Hardie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per S.","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas M.","family":"Eagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101903432161000_49.3.1601298.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12660"},{"key":"2024101903432161000_49.3.1601298.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201009-1414PP"},{"key":"2024101903432161000_49.3.1601298.3","unstructured":"GOLD. 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