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The data were stratified by three national income levels (low-\/lower-middle, upper-middle and high) and grouped by time of treatment initiation (2001\u20132003, 2004\u20132006, 2007\u20132009, 2010\u20132012 and 2013\u20132015). Temporal trends over the study period were analysed. The probability of treatment success in different income groups over time was calculated using generalised linear mixed models with random effects.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In total, 9036 patients were included in the analysis. Over the study period, use of group A drugs (levofloxacin\/moxifloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid) recommended by the World Health Organization increased and treatment outcomes improved in all income groups. Between 2001\u20132003 and 2013\u20132015, treatment success rates increased from 60% to 78% in low-\/lower-middle-income countries, from 40% to 67% in upper-middle-income countries, and from 73% to 81% in high-income countries. In earlier years, the probability of treatment success in upper-middle-income countries was lower than that in low-\/lower-middle-income countries, but no difference was observed after 2010. However, high-income countries had persistently higher probability of treatment success compared to upper-middle income countries.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Improved treatment outcomes and greater uptake of group A drugs were observed over time for patients with MDR\/RR-TB at all income levels. However, treatment outcomes are still unsatisfactory, especially in upper-middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01394-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T19:25:12Z","timestamp":1593113112000},"page":"2001394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis according to national income"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Nakwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon R.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Medea","family":"Gegia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8170-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myungsun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Milanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Joon","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102101465334000_56.5.2001394.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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