{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:18:15Z","timestamp":1790720295564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES031657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES031657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81903281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population studies show that the use of swimming pools is associated with the risk of asthma and allergic diseases among children. Our objective was to explore the associations between blood trihalomethane (THM) concentrations and asthma among US adolescents, and assess to what extent the association is modified by active tobacco smoke exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 2359 adolescents aged 12\u201319\u2005years with measured blood concentrations of chloroform (trichloromethane (TCM)), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (tribromomethane (TBM)) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132012. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess the odds ratios for the association of blood THM concentrations (three or four categories) with the risk of self-reported current and ever (lifetime) asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood DBCM concentrations were associated with a higher risk of ever asthma among all adolescents (OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.07\u20132.21), comparing the extreme exposure categories). The relationship was stronger among adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke (OR 3.96 (95% CI 1.89\u20138.30), comparing the extreme exposure categories). We also found positive relationships between blood brominated THM concentrations (sum of BDCM, DBCM and TBM) and risk of ever asthma and between blood DBCM and brominated THM concentrations and risk of current asthma among adolescents with tobacco smoke exposure. The relative excess risk of ever asthma due to the interaction between high blood DBCM and brominated THM concentrations and tobacco smoke exposure was 1.87 (95% CI 0.30\u20133.43) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.07\u20131.49), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to THMs is associated with a higher risk of asthma in adolescents, particularly among those exposed to tobacco smoke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01440-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T14:09:30Z","timestamp":1633702170000},"page":"2101440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Association of blood trihalomethane concentrations with asthma in US adolescents: nationally representative cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Fei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Mustieles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Messerlian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070169"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.010","article-title":"Environmental determinants of allergy and asthma in early life","volume":"140","author":"Burbank","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8461"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3333"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0032"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114807"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0023-x","article-title":"Swimming pool attendance is related to asthma among atopic school children: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00118009"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00180608"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201005-0761OC"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100621"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00073312"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107103","article-title":"Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water","volume":"107","author":"Weisel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blount B , Backer L , Aylward L , et al. Human exposure assessment for DBPs: factors influencing blood trihalomethane levels. In: Nriagu JO , ed. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Oxford, Elsevier, 2011; pp. 100\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52272-6.00103-3"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.15","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics . National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2021. Date last accessed: 7 July 2021. www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/index.htm"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.16","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics . Laboratory Procedure Manual. Trihalomethanes\/MTBE\/Nitromethane. 2015. Date last accessed: 7 July 2021. wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2011-2012\/labmethods\/VOCMWB_G_MET.pdf"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043214"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.2.409"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2328"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.20","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . A SAS program for the 2000 CDC Growth Charts (ages 0 to <20\u2005years). 2019. Date last accessed: 7 July 2021. www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpao\/growthcharts\/resources\/sas.htm"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7305"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520913","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/520913","article-title":"Swimming and asthma: differences between women and men","volume":"2013","author":"Paivinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.07.012"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2009.00155.x","article-title":"Swimming and asthma: factors underlying respiratory symptoms in competitive swimmers","volume":"4","author":"Paivinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041379"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8246117","article-title":"Toxicology of organic drinking water contaminants: trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and tribromomethane","volume":"46","author":"Munson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01480540802433880","article-title":"Immunotoxicological profile of chloroform in female B6C3F1 mice when administered in drinking water","volume":"32","author":"Auttachoat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1001961"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.009","article-title":"Acute changes in serum immune markers due to swimming in a chlorinated pool","volume":"105","author":"Vlaanderen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233702th150oa"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.31","unstructured":"Danilevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 A . Effects of exposures to drinking water trihalomethanes and tobacco smoke on adverse pregnancy outcomes in relation to glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 gene polymorphism. 2012. Date last accessed: 16 October 2021. www.vdu.lt\/cris\/bitstream\/20.500.12259\/122051\/1\/asta_danileviciute_dd.pdf"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15051033","article-title":"Tobacco smoke induces and alters immune responses in the lung triggering inflammation, allergy, asthma and other lung diseases: a mechanistic review","volume":"15","author":"Strzelak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm360"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.033","article-title":"Disinfection by-products exposure and intra-uterine growth restriction: do genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 or deletion of GSTM1 or GSTT1 modify the association?","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Levallois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.017","article-title":"Drinking water disinfection by-products during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development in the INMA Spanish cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Villanueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.09.040","article-title":"First-trimester blood concentrations of drinking water trihalomethanes and neonatal neurobehavioral development in a Chinese birth cohort","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1039\/c3em00110e","article-title":"Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4495","article-title":"Trihalomethanes in drinking water and bladder cancer burden in the European Union","volume":"128","author":"Evlampidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05745","article-title":"Factors associated with exposure to trihalomethanes, NHANES 2001\u20132012","volume":"54","author":"Ashley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024102102414732000_59.5.2101440.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.600"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.01440-2021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:48:03Z","timestamp":1740376083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.01440-2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.01440-2021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01440-2021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]}}}