{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:20:19Z","timestamp":1787019619962,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI111276 (TB research unit network)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI111276 (TB research unit network)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI065663-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI065663-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients are at increased risk of TB infection and disease. However, their risk in relation to the intensity of exposure remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We studied smear-positive TB cases and their household contacts in Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil. We collected clinical, demographic and radiographic information from TB cases, and obtained tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) results from household contacts. We measured intensity of exposure using a proximity score and sleep location in relation to the TB index case and defined infection by TST \u226510\u2005mm or QFT \u22650.35\u2005UI\u00b7mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . We ascertained secondary TB cases by reviewing local and nationwide case registries.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We included 160 TB index cases and 894 household contacts. 464 (65%) had TB infection and 23 (2.6%) developed TB disease. Risk of TB infection and disease increased with more intense exposures. In an adjusted analysis, the proximity score was associated with TB disease (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.25\u20132.08; p&lt;0.000); however, its diagnostic performance was only moderate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Intensity of exposure increased risk of TB infection and disease among household contacts; however, its diagnostic performance was still suboptimal. A biomarker to target preventive therapy is urgently needed in this at-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01578-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T20:10:49Z","timestamp":1516306249000},"page":"1701578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Intensity of exposure to pulmonary tuberculosis determines risk of tuberculosis infection and disease"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Acu\u00f1a-Villaordu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Jones-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geisa","family":"Fregona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Marques-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Gaeddert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Geadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David\u00a0Jamil","family":"Hadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura F.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilia","family":"Pereira Dutra Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Vinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ribeiro-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmini","family":"Salgame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises","family":"Palaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold J.","family":"Ellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reynaldo","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Contacts of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Grzybowski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull Int Union Tuberc"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00070812"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0512","article-title":"Tuberculosis contact investigation in low- and middle-income countries: standardized definitions and indicators","volume":"19","author":"Fair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70071-9"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose. Manual de Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para o Controle da Tuberculose. [National Tuberculosis Control Program. Manual of Recommendations for the Control of Tuberculosis.] Bras\u00edlia, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2010."},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0027"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050188"},{"key":"2024101909243916000_51.1.1701578.12","first-page":"511","article-title":"Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward. 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