{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:15:17Z","timestamp":1791821717750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015696","name":"Siemens Medical Solutions USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016238","name":"Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001722","name":"Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSA_SA_BD_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSA_SA_BD_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This population-based study aimed to identify the risk factors for lung nodules in a Western European general population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nWe quantified the presence or absence of lung nodules among 12\u2009055 participants of the Dutch population-based ImaLife (Imaging in Lifelines) study (age \u226545\u2005years) who underwent low-dose chest computed tomography. Outcomes included the presence of 1) at least one solid lung nodule (volume \u226530\u2005mm\n<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n) and 2) a clinically relevant lung nodule (volume \u2265100\u2005mm\n<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n). Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were applied overall and stratified by smoking status to identify independent risk factors for the presence of nodules.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the 12\u2009055 participants (44.1% male; median age 60\u2005years; 39.9% never-smokers; 98.7% White), we found lung nodules in 41.8% (5045 out of 12\u2009055) and clinically relevant nodules in 11.4% (1377 out of 12\u2009055); the corresponding figures among never-smokers were 38.8% and 9.5%, respectively. Factors independently associated with increased odds of having any lung nodule included male sex, older age, low educational level, former smoking, asbestos exposure and COPD. Among never-smokers, a family history of lung cancer increased the odds of both lung nodules and clinically relevant nodules. Among former and current smokers, low educational level was positively associated with lung nodules, whereas being overweight was negatively associated. Among current smokers, asbestos exposure and low physical activity were associated with clinically relevant nodules.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study provides a large-scale evaluation of lung nodules and associated risk factors in a Western European general population: lung nodules and clinically relevant nodules were prevalent, and never-smokers with a family history of lung cancer were a non-negligible group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01736-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T15:10:13Z","timestamp":1714662613000},"page":"2301736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Who is at risk of lung nodules on low-dose CT in a Western country? 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