{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:08:05Z","timestamp":1793916485321,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Starter Grant for Clinical Lecturers (to CWG)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Starter Grant for Clinical Lecturers (to CWG)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While acute respiratory tract infections can trigger cardiovascular events, the differential effect of specific organisms is unknown. This is important to guide vaccine policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Using national infection surveillance data linked to the Scottish Morbidity Record, we identified adults with a first myocardial infarction or stroke from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2014 and a record of laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection during this period. Using self-controlled case series analysis, we generated age- and season-adjusted incidence ratios (IRs) for myocardial infarction (n=1227) or stroke (n=762) after infections compared with baseline time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We found substantially increased myocardial infarction rates in the week after\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and influenza virus infection: adjusted IRs for days 1\u20133 were 5.98 (95% CI 2.47\u201314.4) and 9.80 (95% CI 2.37\u201340.5), respectively. Rates of stroke after infection were similarly high and remained elevated to 28\u2005days: day 1\u20133 adjusted IRs 12.3 (95% CI 5.48\u201327.7) and 7.82 (95% CI 1.07\u201356.9) for\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and influenza virus, respectively. Although other respiratory viruses were associated with raised point estimates for both outcomes, only the day 4\u20137 estimate for stroke reached statistical significance.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We showed a marked cardiovascular triggering effect of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and influenza virus, which highlights the need for adequate pneumococcal and influenza vaccine uptake. Further research is needed into vascular effects of noninfluenza respiratory viruses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01794-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T20:35:12Z","timestamp":1521664512000},"page":"1701794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Warren-Gash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"McMenamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs310\/en\/index.html Date last accessed: July 20, 2017. Date last updated: January, 2017."},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307691"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70233-6"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001048"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00425.x","article-title":"Viral and bacterial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"7","author":"Huijskens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirama T . A Real-time PCR-based diagnostic test for organisms in respiratory tract infection. 2016. www.intechopen.com\/books\/polymerase-chain-reaction-for-biomedical-applications\/a-real-time-pcr-based-diagnostic-test-for-organisms-in-respiratory-tract-infection Date last accessed: May 23, 2017.","DOI":"10.5772\/65740"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.279206"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70236-0"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000247"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314549512"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427282"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0104OC","article-title":"Severe pneumococcal pneumonia causes acute cardiac toxicity and subsequent cardiac remodeling","volume":"196","author":"Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00049111"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4515"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2302"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.17","unstructured":"Public Health England. Surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the United Kingdom: winter 2014 to 2015. Report 2015046. 2015. www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/429617\/Annualreport_March2015_ver4.pdf Date last accessed: July 20, 2017."},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.071"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079360"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E259","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020259","article-title":"Unexpectedly higher morbidity and mortality of hospitalized elderly patients associated with rhinovirus compared with influenza virus respiratory tract infection","volume":"18:","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis309"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis415"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit471"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburn R , Hayward AC , Pebody R , et\u00a0al. Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as predictors of hospital admission for myocardial infarction and stroke: time-series analysis of English data for 2004\u20132015. Clin Infect Dis 2018; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix1144].","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1144"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041747"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis597"},{"key":"2024102100223349000_51.3.1701794.27","unstructured":"Public Health England. Influenza immunisation programme for England: GP patient groups data collection survey season 2015\u20132016. 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